The beginning of Sophie's philosophy: two letters received

Sophie's philosophical enlightenment: Start thinking about who you are? What is the meaning of existence? How to better spend your short and precious life? Where did the world come from?

Sophie's philosophical mentor: Sid (who is he?)

Ordinary people take all existing phenomena in the world for granted and only focus on daily trivial matters: hungry people only care about food, lonely people only want companionship, how much has the price of oil increased today? What is the price of tomatoes now? ——The desire to explore is stifled

Philosophers, on the other hand, are full of curiosity and thirst for knowledge about the world like children, asking many questions: Where does the world come from? who I am? How to live? ——Away from the trivialities of daily life

Before the emergence of philosophy, people liked to use myths and stories to explain various phenomena in the world: Why does it rain? Why does the sun rise?

The goal of philosophers is to develop the mythical thinking model into a thinking model based on experience and rationality, and to find scientific explanations for the changes in nature.

Pay attention to the cycles and changes of nature, and be curious about where everything comes from: why are there fish in the water? Why can the uterus carry babies? Why do trees and brightly colored flowers grow out of the soil?

The three Miletus philosophers all believed that there is a basic substance in the universe that is the source of all things and does not come from nothingness.

In the order of things, good and bad, good and evil are both indispensable. Most people in the world have a universal rationality as a guideline for their actions

Some things in the world will change and some will not. Our sensory perception is reliable.

He believes that the transformation of nature is not due to anything really changing. He believes that everything is composed of tiny atoms with different shapes and uncertain gatherings and dispersions. Atoms are indivisible and changeable and exist forever. Things decompose It can also be reused and aggregated into all natural things

The occurrence of every thing is mechanized, and there are certain inevitable laws. It appears, disappears, appears... things are flowing, but the atoms that make up things are eternal.

Modern scientists have discovered that atoms can be broken down into smaller elementary particles (neutrons and electrons)

Fatalism: The belief that everything that happens is destined to happen. In modern times, there are still many people who are superstitious about fortune telling, palmistry, and horoscopes.

History and Medicine: Greek medicine began to rise - Hippocrates: Seeking natural explanations for disease and health. He believed that health is the natural state of human beings. Imbalance of body and mind can lead to problems with body operation. Diet should be controlled to maintain harmony.

The Art of Conversation: When talking to others, he pretends to know nothing. During the discussion, he will try to make his opponent admit his theoretical weaknesses. Help people develop correct thoughts. Only knowledge from the heart can enable people to have real wisdom, pay attention to truth, and be similar to sophists in pursuing true knowledge and insights.

Correct insights lead to correct actions: People will not feel happy if they do things they think are wrong, such as lying and slandering others.

The urban square of Athens gave birth to words such as politics and democracy, economics and history, biology and physics, mathematics and logic, theology and philosophy, ethics and psychology, concepts and systems. Socrates spent a lot of time here talking to people. conversation

Learned from Socrates and published the content of Socrates' statement to the jury in the book "Self-Defense"

He believes that there are so-called eternal and absolute concepts of right and wrong in the world. Concerned not only about the eternal things in nature, but also about the eternal things related to human morality and society.

The world of rationality: Behind the material world, there must be a real existence. For example, horses grow old and die, but their form remains eternal.

The world of the senses: a rough understanding based on the five senses of the body, full of changes and disunities, such as the different characteristics and differences people see between horses

True knowledge: What we can really know are those things that we can understand using reason. For example, if you ask everyone which color of the rainbow is the most beautiful, you will get different answers (too emotional, vague, and imprecise), but if you ask everyone what 8x3 equals, you will get the same answer (things that are rationally understood and eternal).

"Utopia": The country is like the human body, consisting of three parts: head (ruler), chest (warrior), abdomen (craftsman), body (country). He believed that women can govern the country like men, without having children. , housekeeping

Dedicated to the study of frogs, fish, and whiteheads, his articles were as simple and precise as an encyclopedia, coining and classifying many of the terms used by modern scientists

He refuted Plato's idea that horses existed first in the world, and then all the horses in the sensory world. He believed that every thought and idea we have enters our consciousness through the things we see and hear.

He believes that various things have their own form and material composition. Matter is the material that makes up things, and form is also the individual characteristic of each thing.

Final cause: He believes that everything in nature has a purpose. The reason why the sky rains is to make plants grow, and the reason why grapes grow is to be eaten by people.

Logic: He is a rigorous logician. He believes that everything in nature has its own category or subcategory (mammals-dogs-wolfdogs), and he follows certain rules when drawing conclusions. law

natural hierarchy

Ethics

political science

views on women

The Cynic School: emphasizes that true happiness is not based on material, rights, and health, advocates a frugal lifestyle, and believes that people do not need to worry about their own birth, old age, illness, and death, and do not need to feel the pain of others.

Stoicism: Very rich in the spirit of the times, open-minded, and more accepting of contemporary culture. Emphasizes that all birth, old age, illness and death are just following the laws of nature. People must learn to accept their own destiny. Everything has its necessity to happen. He also believes that he cannot be moved by some happy things in life and is too calm and will not Emotional.

Epicurean School: Life should pursue the highest degree of sensual enjoyment, avoid all forms of pain, develop hedonism, and emphasize whether something will bring about side effects when it brings pleasure. For example, chocolate is delicious, but eating Too much will make you fat

Neoplatonist philosophy: Everything that exists in the world has a mysterious divine light, like a spark in the darkness. In certain occasional moments we can experience ourselves as the divine mystical light

Mysticism: I am the heart of heaven and earth. My true self, like a mysterious flame, will burn to eternity. It is a mysterious power from the self that needs to be enlightened through meditation and simple life.

Indo-European peoples

Semitic culture

paul

Four o'clock: the beginning of the Middle Ages

Stand still at five, six or seven o'clock

Eight o'clock, nine o'clock, ten o'clock is still the Middle Ages

During Goethe's period, cathedrals in Europe began to be built.

Fourteen o'clock the long Middle Ages gradually disappeared

Jesus was born in the early morning. At 1:30 in the morning, Paul began to travel around and preach.

At three o'clock in the morning, Christian churches were still banned. In 313 AD, Christianity had been accepted by the Roman Empire. In 380 AD, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire.

The first monasteries and the earliest universities in history were all established in the Middle Ages.

Many countries were established one after another, with their own cities, citizens, folk music and stories. Britain, France and Germany were all established during this period.

Ancient clocks and vases, alembics, telescopes, knives and dolls, quills, bookends, rifles, compasses and barometers, monetary and economic systems and other inventions began to appear, art, architecture, literature, music, philosophy, science, etc. Vigorous development in all fields

The compass, firearms, and printing were important factors in the formation of the Renaissance. The compass made navigation and exploration easier, firearms made European armies more powerful than those in the Americas, and printing made an important contribution to spreading the humanistic ideas of the Renaissance and spreading knowledge.

New scientific methods and new religious fanaticism gradually emerged, the rebirth of ancient art and culture, everything centered on people

Humanism: no longer superstitious about authority and no longer engage in anti-humanism. People began to interfere with nature and control it, which brought certain positive and negative aspects. For example, the technological revolution brought textile machines, which also created unemployment. It produced goods but also polluted the air. Interference with nature must be stopped in some areas.

New world view: Copernicus discovered that the earth orbits the sun, but he was wrong to believe that the sun was the center of the universe

Galileo: Using an astronomical telescope to observe celestial bodies, he discovered that there are mountains and deep valleys on the surface of the moon, and discovered the law of inertia (if an object is not forced by an external force, it will always remain in its original stationary or moving state). The path that the marble moves is called a parabola. , and will move along the path of the slope

Newton: Discovered universal gravitation, describing that the larger and closer two objects are, the greater their mutual gravitational pull will be, and vice versa. The same principle applies to the gravitational force between planets in the universe. The moon and the earth pull each other

Baroque refers to irregularly shaped pearls, a typical feature of Baroque art. It is widely used in political, drama, painting and other artistic works, and is full of sharp contrasts, conflicts, tensions and contradictions.

father of modern philosophy

I think, therefore I am: Descartes hoped to use mathematical methods to conduct philosophical thinking. He hoped to obtain a certain answer to the question of the nature of life. He advocated that we should doubt everything at the beginning and let our thoughts Built on a solid foundation. If something must be true, then he doubts it. When he doubts it, he must be thinking, and because he thinks, he must be a thinking being.

Dualism: Man is a dualistic animal that can both think and occupy space. Therefore, man has a soul and an extended body. The human body is a machine, but the human soul can operate independently and is not affected by the body. Influence (the body is chasing the bus, but the soul feels frustrated and sheds tears when it misses the bus)

Monism: There is only one entity in each universe, and everything is just a breakdown of that entity. For example, I am the one who has a stomachache, and I am the one who recalls the stomachache. The soul and the body are unified and integrated, and everything is determined by the laws of nature.

Law of nature: It is nature. Just like a baby is born and has no milk to drink, he will suck his own fingers. A lion is born a non-vegetarian beast. But people are different. People can restrain and restrain their natural desires and instincts.

All our thoughts and ideas are reflected in things we have seen and heard. Before that, we were blank (infancy).

Various concepts are generated from this, and all the feelings that are constantly coming in will be classified and processed.

One of the most important empiricist philosophers, starting from everyday life

I lose my temper easily, but I am also indecisive. This self-concept is a composite concept.

Life is a series of changes in mind and body. Babies are different from adults. The person I am today is different from the person I was before.

Habitual expectations: Children see the world as it is. For example, if a child sees a small ball colliding with another small ball, he will not expect to see the collision of two small balls, but an adult will, because adults I have become accustomed to the fact that two small balls will move when they collide.

People cannot act completely rationally. When we see someone being hurt, we help out of emotion, not reason.

Enlighten the ignorance of the masses in order to build a better society. They believe that the reason why people are poor and oppressed is due to their ignorance and superstition. Therefore, the focus is on children and the general public. Pedagogy begins with enlightenment era, all well-known philosophers and literati at that time jointly compiled and published large-scale encyclopedias. They believed that once people's rationality is developed and knowledge is popularized, human nature will make great progress, and all irrational behaviors and ignorant practices will sooner or later be eliminated. replaced by civilization

Advocate that women have the same natural rights as men and improve women’s social status

It is believed that our concept of the world is obtained through our senses and reason at the same time, but there are also several factors in our rational understanding that will affect the experience we obtain (for example, if we put on red sunglasses, everything we see will turn red) , and our minds also influence the way we understand the world

Law of cause and effect: People will seek the cause of everything

Faith: When reason and experience are of no use, faith can only be used to fill the gap. People should have free will

Ethics: Everyone knows how to distinguish right from wrong and basic moral laws, what should be done and what should not be done, do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you

Beethoven: Use music to express your emotions and desires. Romantics often have intense emotions and daydream

Schelling: advocated the union of mind and matter.

Art: music, stories, unlimited imagination

heir of romanticism

I believe that truth is subjective. The basis of human cognition varies from generation to generation. There is no eternal truth or eternal rationality. Your way of thinking is affected by traditional thinking and the material conditions of the time. The thoughts of predecessors will be processed and refined by future generations. And keep it

Dialectics: Thinking in a dialectical way, trying to find the flaws in other people's truths. After arguing between two contradictory ideas, the best parts of both sides' ideas will be extracted. Both ideas are wrong and some are right. A view that can withstand dialectics and the passage of time is right.

I think that instead of looking for the truth, it is better to look for truths that are meaningful to personal life, related to me, what I care about, and looking for the truth in my heart is the most important. For example, if we see a person who is wounded by a poisonous arrow, we They don’t care about what material the arrow is made of, they only care about how to pull it out.

For you, whether you choose to enjoy yourself and stay where you are, or choose to leap forward and move forward, also depends on the truth in your heart. Aesthetic stage ~ moral stage ~ religious stage

Originated from class struggle, inequality between rich and poor, exploitation

Materialism: Material changes are the force that promotes historical development, materials support social ideas, and the superstructure reflects the foundation of society.

The basis of society: material, economic, and social conditions

The upper structure of society: social thought, political system, laws and regulations, religion, morality, art, philosophy, science

Class Struggle: Conflict of interests between capitalists and workers, resistance to change only through revolution

Evolution

Human actions are not necessarily based on reason, but also on impulse and instinct

People will suppress the bad and inappropriate subconscious thoughts in their brains. Sometimes, don’t suppress the subconscious mind too deliberately. It is easy to get mental illness. Learn to release it appropriately. The harder you suppress it, the easier it will be remembered.

Our dreams are manifestations of the subconscious, satisfying people's repressed subconscious in a disguised way

Overly rational and repressed thinking will stifle imagination and inspiration. Artists need unconstrained imagination.

People must create themselves. Life is a stage play without rehearsal. We must decide how to live. Living without meaning and purpose is a kind of emptiness and despair.