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MindMap Gallery General Introduction to Viscerology
General Introduction to Viscerology
This is a mind map about the general theory of splanchnology. Splanchnology mainly studies the shape, structure, and position of human internal organs and their relationship with systemic physiological metabolism. The internal organs include four systems: digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive.
Edited at 2024-11-01 11:40:51
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Viscerology
respiratory system
respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract
nose
external nose
It is divided into the root of the nose, the dorsum of the nose, the tip of the nose and the wings of the nose, with bone and cartilage as the scaffold.
nasal cavity
nasal vestibule
proper nasal cavity
lateral wall
superior, middle and inferior turbinates
upper, middle and lower nasal passages
sphenoethmoidal recess
nasolacrimal duct
medial wall
The anterior and lower parts of the nasal septum are rich in blood vessels and are said to be prone to bleeding.
mucous membrane of nasal cavity
olfactory area
The nail, its relative nasal septum, and the nasal mucosal area at the top of the nasal cavity above them are rich in olfactory cells.
breathing zone
paranasal sinuses
Mandibular sinus
Located in the body of the maxilla, opening into the middle meatus
frontal sinus
Located deep to the eyebrow arch of the frontal bone, between the inner and outer plates of the frontal bone. Opens into the middle meatus
sphenoid sinus
Located in the body of the sphenoid bone, opening into the sphenoethmoidal recess
ethmoid sinus
Located in the ethmoid labyrinth, it is divided into three groups: anterior, middle and posterior. The anterior and middle groups open into the middle meatus, and the posterior group opens into the superior meatus.
pharynx
throat
laryngeal cartilage
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage, arytenoid cartilage
throat connection
cricoarytenoid joint, cricothyroid joint, elastic cone, quadrate membrane, thyrohyoid membrane, cricoid cartilage tracheal ligament
laryngeal muscles
Tense vocal cords: cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Relaxation of vocal cords: thyroarytenoid muscle
Opening the glans cleft: posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Reduce the glottis cleft: cricoarytenoid muscle, arytenoid oblique muscle, thyroarytenoid muscle
laryngeal cavity
Two folds: vestibular folds above and vocal folds below
Two clefts: vestibular cleft and glottis cleft (the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity)
Three parts: laryngeal vestibule, middle laryngeal cavity, subglottic cavity
Throat
The upper opening of the laryngeal cavity is bounded by the upper edge of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and interarytenoid notch
lower respiratory tract
trachea
Location
The upper edge is level with the lower edge of the 6th cervical vertebral body, and the lower edge is level with the lower edge of the 4th thoracic vertebral body.
composition
Tracheal cartilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue
structure
tracheal bifurcation, tracheal carina
Bronchial tubes at all levels
left bronchus
right bronchus
lung
Lung shape
apex of lung
From the junction of the middle and inner 1/3 of the clavicle, extend upward to 2.5cm above the clavicle.
Lung base (diaphragm surface)
three sides
rib surface
Diaphragm surface
mediastinal surface
hilum
There are bronchial tubes, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels entering and exiting
Lung root
The structure of the hilus is surrounded by connective tissue
Three fates
leading edge
There is a cardiac notch on the front edge of the left lung, and below the notch is the uvula of the left lung.
trailing edge
lower edge
bronchial tree
bronchopulmonary segment
Function
Gas exchange, pronunciation, sense of smell, blood circulation, endocrinology
pleura
parietal pleura
costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura, roof of pleura
visceral pleura
pleural cavity
pleural recess
costophrenic recess,costomedemastinal recess,diaphragmatic mediastinal recess
mediastinum
urinary system
composition
kidney
kidney shape
upper and lower ends
front and back
internal and external conditions
medial edge
renal hilum
There are entrance and exit of renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and renal pelvis
renal pedicle
The structures entering and exiting the renal hilum are surrounded by connective tissue
renal sinus
Contains renal blood vessels, small renal calyces, large renal calyces, renal pelvis and adipose tissue, etc.
location of kidneys
Take the twelfth rib as a symbol: the 12th rib runs obliquely past the middle part behind the left kidney and the upper part behind the right kidney
Renal hilum: approximately level with the first lumbar vertebra, 5cm from the midline
Surface projection of the renal hilum (renal area): the angle between the outer edge of the erector spinae muscle and the 12th rib
capsule of kidney
Inner: fibrous sac, fat sac, renal fascia
ureter abdomen
structure of kidney
renal cortex
renal tubule, renal corpuscle, renal column
renal medulla
Renal vertebral body → renal papilla → renal calyces → renal calyces → renal pelvis
ureter
ureteral pelvis
inside the ureteral wall
Three physiological strictures (areas where ureteral stones are prone to retention)
Superior stenosis: the transition point of the renal pelvis and ureter
Medium stenosis: where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels
Inferior stricture: inside the wall of the ureter
bladder
shape of bladder
Bladder apex, bladder base, bladder body, bladder neck
inner structure
Urethral mouth
ureteral orifice
interureteral folds
trigone of bladder
adjacent to
Posterior: seminal vesicles, ampulla of the vas deferens and rectum in men; uterus and vagina in women
Bottom: male prostate, female urogenital diaphragm
Anterior: pubic symphysis
urethra
Characteristics of female urethra: thick, short, straight
male urethra
composition
prostate
On the posterior wall are the urethral crest, spermatheca, prostate sac, ejaculatory duct opening and prostate excretory duct opening
membrane part
corpus cavernosum
three narrow
Internal urethral orifice, membranous urethra, external urethral orifice (narrowest)
Three enlargements
Prostatic part of urethra, bulb of urethra, scaphoid fossa of urethra
two bends
pubic subcurvature, pubic anterior curvature
Function
Eliminate metabolic waste, endocrine
reproductive system
male reproductive system
composition
internal genitalia
Gonads
Testicles (produce sperm and male hormones)
Albuginea → testicular mediastinum → testicular septum → testicular lobules, seminiferous tubules (producing sperm), Leydig cells (secreting male hormones) → seminiferous tubules → rete testis → testicular efferent tubules
reproductive tract
epididymis
caput epididymis, corpus epididymis, cauda epididymis
vas deferens
Testicle
spermatic cord
Vasectomy site
groin
Basin
It expands here to form the ampulla of the vas deferens.
ejaculatory duct
Male urethra (storage, transmission and discharge of semen)
accessory glands
seminal vesicle
prostate
The prostate is divided into anterior lobe, middle lobe, posterior lobe and two side lobes Median and lateral lobes: prostatic hypertrophy Posterior lobe: prostate tumors.
Bulourethral glands (composition of semen)
external genitalia
scrotum
The left and right cystic cavities accommodate the testicles and epididymis respectively.
penis
form
glans penis: external urethra orifice
Body of penis: neck of penis
Penis root
structure
two corpora cavernosa
a urethral corpus cavernosum
Function
Reproduce offspring and form and maintain secondary sexual characteristics
female reproductive system
composition
internal genitalia
Gonads
Ovaries (produce eggs and secrete estrogen)
fixtures
Ovarian suspensory ligament: a sign of surgical search for ovarian blood vessels
proper ovarian ligament
Pipeline
oviduct
Divided into four parts
Fallopian tube and uterus: There is a fallopian tube and uterine opening leading to the uterine cavity.
Fallopian tube isthmus: This is where fallopian tube ligation is often performed
Fallopian tube ampulla: the site of fertilization
Infundibulum of fallopian tube: abdominal opening of fallopian tube, fimbriae of fallopian tube, fimbria ovaries
uterine appendage
Clinically, the ovaries and fallopian tubes are collectively called the uterine appendage
Uterus
form
fundus of uterus
uterine body
cervix
Location
bend forward
fixtures
ligaments of uterus
Broad ligament of uterus: Function limits the movement of the uterus to both sides
Round ligament of uterus: maintains anteversion of the uterus
Cardinal ligament of uterus: prevents uterine prolapse
Sacrouterine ligament: maintains the anteversion and anteflexion of the uterus
vaginal
vaginal vault
The deepest part is the vaginal vault
accessory glands
Bartholin gland
external genitalia
vulva
Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vaginal vestibule, clitoris, vestibular bulbs
Function
Reproduce offspring and form and maintain secondary sexual characteristics
digestive system
Digestive tube
upper gastrointestinal tract
oral cavity
lips
cheek
There is a parotid duct papilla on the buccal mucosa opposite the crown of the maxillary second molar, and there is an opening of the parotid duct on it.
palate
Isthmus: It is bounded by the palatal lobes, the free edge of the velum palatine, the palatoglossal arches, the palatopharyngeal arches and the base of the tongue on both sides. It is the boundary between the oral cavity and the pharynx, and is also the narrow part between the oral cavity and the pharynx.
structure
Soft palate 2/3
Hard palate 1/3
palatine lobes
palatopharyngeal arch
palatoglossal arch
palatal velum
tooth
form
dental crown
Tooth neck
Not at all
dental tissue
tooth enamel
cementum
dentin
dental pulp
tongue
tongue papilla
filiform papillae
No taste buds, largest in number and smallest in size
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae
Contoured nipples
Largest in size and small in quantity
pharynx
common passage between digestive tract and respiratory tract
structure
Nasopharynx
Main structures: Eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice, Eustachian tube round pillow, pharyngeal recess (nasopharyngeal cancer prone site), pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx
hypopharynx
Main structure: Pear-shaped crypt (where foreign bodies tend to stay)
esophagus
narrow part of esophagus
The first stenosis: the beginning of the esophagus, equivalent to the level of the lower edge of the sixth cervical vertebra, 15cm from the central incisor
Second stenosis: The esophagus is behind the left main bronchus and its intersection, equivalent to the level between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae, 25cm from the central incisor.
The third stenosis: the esophageal hiatus where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, equivalent to the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra, 40cm from the central incisor
Stomach
Location
Most of them are in the left rib area, and a small part is in the upper abdominal area.
form
Greater curvature of stomach, lesser curvature of stomach, anterior wall, posterior wall, cardia, pylorus
Muscle layer
cardiac sphincter
Prevent gastric contents from flowing back into the esophagus
pyloric sphincter
Delays emptying of gastric contents and prevents reflux of intestinal contents into the stomach
Function
Storage of food, secretion of gastric juice, endocrine function
duodenum (small intestine)
upper part
Can easily cause ulcers and perforations
Descending part
Large duodenal papilla
Horizontal part
Ascending part
lower gastrointestinal tract
Jejunum (small intestine)
More red, accounting for 2/3
Ileum (small intestine)
Paler, accounting for 1/3
the large intestine Function: Absorb water, vitamins and inorganic salts; form food residues into feces and excrete them from the body
Cecum
Shape: blind bag shape, about 6 to 8cm long, the opening from the end of the ileum to the cecum is called the ileocecal opening
Ileocecal valve
Prevents the contents of the small intestine from flowing too quickly into the large intestine and prevents the contents of the cecum from flowing back into the ileum
appendix
colon
Ascending colon
transverse colon
Descending colon
sigmoid colon
High mobility is often a factor in sigmoid colon volvulus. The sigmoid colon is also a common site for diseases such as diverticula and tumors.
rectum
anal canal
structure
anal column
anal valve
dentate line
anal sinus
Anal sparseness
white line
anus
anal sphincter
anorectal ring
digestive glands
large digestive gland
salivary glands
parotid gland
The opening of the tube is level with the buccal mucosa of the maxillary second molar.
submandibular gland
The tube opens into the sublingual caruncle
sublingual gland
The tube is often opened under the tongue, and the mouth is opened under the tongue.
liver
The largest gland in the human body. It is brittle and easily ruptures and bleeds when struck violently. It is wedge-shaped.
form
Anterior edge: gallbladder notch, hepatic round ligament notch, posterior and right edges are blunt, and left edge is sharp
Top (diaphragm surface)
It is divided into left and right lobes by the falciform ligament, and the posterior part without peritoneal coverage is called the bare area.
Below (dirty side)
It is divided into 4 lobes by an "H" shaped groove: left lobe, right lobe, square lobe, and caudate lobe.
Transverse groove: called the porta hepatis, containing the left and right branches of the proper hepatic artery, the left and right branches of the hepatic portal vein, the left and right hepatic ducts, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
Left longitudinal groove: The anterior round ligament fissure accommodates the round ligament of the liver, and the posterior ligamentum venous fissure accommodates the ligamentum venosus.
Right longitudinal groove: in front is the gallbladder fossa, which accommodates the gallbladder; behind is the vena cava groove, which accommodates the inferior vena cava
Function
secrete bile
Participate in metabolism
store glycogen
Detoxify
Devour
defense
Embryonic hematopoiesis
extrahepatic biliary system
gallbladder
hepatic duct and common hepatic duct
common bile duct
Synthesized by common hepatic duct and cystic duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Opening into the duodenal papilla
gallbladder triangle
pancreatic
The second largest digestive gland in the human body
distributed
head of pancreas
Pancreatic neck
body of pancreas
tail of pancreas
pancreatic duct
Opening into the duodenal papilla
Function
Secrete pancreatic juice, insulin, glucagon
small digestive gland
peritoneum
concept
peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
Function
absorb
The upper abdomen has strong absorptive capacity and the pelvic cavity has weak absorptive capacity
secretion
Secrete serous fluid to reduce friction
support
mesangium, ligament
defense
phagocytes
repair
cellulose
The relationship between peritoneum and abdominal and pelvic organs
intraperitoneal organs
Stomach, upper duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, spleen, ovary and fallopian tube, etc.
interperitoneal organ
Liver, gallbladder, ascending colon, descending colon, uterus, full bladder, upper rectum, etc.
Extraperitoneal organs
Kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, empty bladder, descending, lower and ascending duodenum, middle and lower rectum and pancreas
structures formed by the peritoneum
omentum
omentum
Location
Double-layered peritoneal structure between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon
gastrocolic ligament
lesser omentum
Location
Double-layered peritoneal structure between the liver and the upper part of the duodenum in the lesser curvature of the stomach
Hepatogastric ligament, hepatoduodenal ligament
Omental sac
A flat, narrow space located behind the lesser omentum and stomach
omentum
mesangium
mesentery, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon
ligament
ligaments of liver
Above the liver are the falciform ligament, coronary ligament, left and right deltoid ligaments
Below are the hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
round ligament of liver
ligaments of spleen
gastrosplenic ligament
splenorenal ligament
diaphragmatic ligament
ligaments of stomach
hepatogastric ligament
gastrosplenic ligament
gastrocolic ligament
gastrophrenic ligament
depression
male
bladder rectal pit
female
vesicouterine indentation
uterine rectal depression
Peritoneal cavity partitions and spaces
Partition
Supracolonic area
subcolonic area
gap
suprahepatic space
right
In front of the liver
After liver
Left
In front of the liver
After liver
subhepatic space
right
subhepatic space
Left
In front of the liver
After liver
paracolic groove
right
Left
mesenteric sinus
right
Left
Summary
concept
Material metabolism and reproduction
Includes: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
It is the science that studies the position and morphological structure of various internal organs.
The organs of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems located in the chest, abdomen and pelvis, as well as the peritoneum, pleura, mediastinum, perineum, etc.
Viscerology is the science that studies the location, form, structure and function of internal organs
General form and structure
hollow sex organ
Mucosal layer
submucosa
Muscle layer
adventitia
Features
Tubular or sac-like
There is a cavity inside
The wall of the digestive tract is composed of 4 layers, while the walls of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract are mostly composed of 3 layers.
solid organ
Features
No specific cavity inside
Most glands
Surface dorsal and ventral connective tissue capsule or serosa. The dorsal membrane penetrates deep into the organ and divides it into several lobules.
The blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and ducts of the organs enter and exit through the depression, which is called the portal
chest mark line
front center line
sternal line
midclavicular line
parasternal line
night front
posterior axillary line
Midaxillary line
scapular line
posterior midline
abdominal zoning
Supragastric area, left and right rib areas
Umbilical area, left and right lateral areas (waist area)
Pubic area (hypogastric area) and left and right inguinal areas (iliac area)
Four points
Divided into left upper abdomen, right upper abdomen, left lower abdomen, right lower abdomen
Features
Consists of a duct system and one or several solid organs
The pipeline system is directly or indirectly connected to the outside world
Internal organs, mainly located in the chest, abdomen and pelvis
Function
Intake of nutrients, excretion of metabolites, reproduction of offspring, race continuation and endocrine functions