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Major Psychology Experiments
The main psychological experiments of experimental psychology include auditory experiments, visual experiments, perception experiments, attention experiments (key points), memory experiments (key points), learning, thinking experiments, emotion experiments, and commonly used psychological experiment techniques.
Edited at 2024-10-24 15:39:25- Rumi 10 despertares espirituais de alta dimensão
Rumi: 10 dimensões do despertar espiritual. Quando você para de se procurar, encontrará o universo inteiro porque o que está procurando também está procurando por você. Qualquer coisa que você persevera todos os dias pode abrir uma porta para as profundezas do seu espírito. Em silêncio, deslizei para o reino secreto e gostei de tudo para observar a magia ao meu redor e não fiz barulho. Por que você gosta de rastejar quando nasce com asas? A alma tem seus próprios ouvidos e pode ouvir coisas que a mente não pode entender. Procure para dentro para a resposta a tudo, tudo no universo está em você. Os amantes não acabam se encontrando em algum lugar, e não há despedida neste mundo. Uma ferida é onde a luz entra em seu coração.
- Fisiopatologia - insuficiência cardíaca
A insuficiência cardíaca crônica não é apenas um problema da velocidade da freqüência cardíaca! É causada pela diminuição da contração miocárdica e da função diastólica, o que leva a um débito cardíaco insuficiente, o que, por sua vez, causa congestão na circulação e congestão pulmonar na circulação sistêmica. Das causas, o indução aos mecanismos de compensação, os processos fisiopatológicos de insuficiência cardíaca são complexos e diversos. Ao controlar o edema, reduzir a frente e pós -carga do coração, melhorando a função de conforto cardíaco e prevenindo e tratando as causas básicas, podemos efetivamente responder a esse desafio. Somente entendendo os mecanismos e as manifestações clínicas da insuficiência cardíaca e as estratégias de prevenção e tratamento, podemos proteger melhor a saúde do coração.
- Fisiopatologia - Isquemia - Lesão de Reperfusão
A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão é um fenômeno que a função celular e os distúrbios metabólicos e os danos estruturais piorarão depois que órgãos ou tecidos restauram o suprimento sanguíneo. Seus principais mecanismos incluem aumento da geração de radicais livres, sobrecarga de cálcio e o papel dos microvasculares e leucócitos. O coração e o cérebro são órgãos danificados comuns, manifestados como mudanças no metabolismo do miocárdio e mudanças ultraestruturais, diminuição da função cardíaca etc. As medidas de prevenção e controle incluem remover os radicais livres, reduzir a sobrecarga de cálcio, melhorar o metabolismo e controlar as condições de reperfusão, como baixo sódio, baixa temperatura, baixa pressão, etc. A compreensão desses mecanismos pode ajudar a desenvolver opções eficazes de tratamento e aliviar lesões isquêmicas.
Major Psychology Experiments
- Rumi 10 despertares espirituais de alta dimensão
Rumi: 10 dimensões do despertar espiritual. Quando você para de se procurar, encontrará o universo inteiro porque o que está procurando também está procurando por você. Qualquer coisa que você persevera todos os dias pode abrir uma porta para as profundezas do seu espírito. Em silêncio, deslizei para o reino secreto e gostei de tudo para observar a magia ao meu redor e não fiz barulho. Por que você gosta de rastejar quando nasce com asas? A alma tem seus próprios ouvidos e pode ouvir coisas que a mente não pode entender. Procure para dentro para a resposta a tudo, tudo no universo está em você. Os amantes não acabam se encontrando em algum lugar, e não há despedida neste mundo. Uma ferida é onde a luz entra em seu coração.
- Fisiopatologia - insuficiência cardíaca
A insuficiência cardíaca crônica não é apenas um problema da velocidade da freqüência cardíaca! É causada pela diminuição da contração miocárdica e da função diastólica, o que leva a um débito cardíaco insuficiente, o que, por sua vez, causa congestão na circulação e congestão pulmonar na circulação sistêmica. Das causas, o indução aos mecanismos de compensação, os processos fisiopatológicos de insuficiência cardíaca são complexos e diversos. Ao controlar o edema, reduzir a frente e pós -carga do coração, melhorando a função de conforto cardíaco e prevenindo e tratando as causas básicas, podemos efetivamente responder a esse desafio. Somente entendendo os mecanismos e as manifestações clínicas da insuficiência cardíaca e as estratégias de prevenção e tratamento, podemos proteger melhor a saúde do coração.
- Fisiopatologia - Isquemia - Lesão de Reperfusão
A lesão de isquemia-reperfusão é um fenômeno que a função celular e os distúrbios metabólicos e os danos estruturais piorarão depois que órgãos ou tecidos restauram o suprimento sanguíneo. Seus principais mecanismos incluem aumento da geração de radicais livres, sobrecarga de cálcio e o papel dos microvasculares e leucócitos. O coração e o cérebro são órgãos danificados comuns, manifestados como mudanças no metabolismo do miocárdio e mudanças ultraestruturais, diminuição da função cardíaca etc. As medidas de prevenção e controle incluem remover os radicais livres, reduzir a sobrecarga de cálcio, melhorar o metabolismo e controlar as condições de reperfusão, como baixo sódio, baixa temperatura, baixa pressão, etc. A compreensão desses mecanismos pode ajudar a desenvolver opções eficazes de tratamento e aliviar lesões isquêmicas.
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- Outline
05. Main psychological experiments
一、 auditory experiment
1. Determination of pitch and loudness
（1） pitch/pitch
1||| frequency
2||| Unit: United States (mel)
3||| A pure tone of 1000Hz and 40dB has a pitch of 1000mel
（2） loudness/sound intensity
1||| amplitude
Measurements: Sound Pressure Level and Sound Intensity Level (Sound Power)
2||| Unit: Song (sone)
3||| The loudness of a pure tone of 1000Hz and 40dB is 1sone
4||| Loudness scale
Stimulation frequency remains unchanged and changes with loudness.
5||| Equal loudness curve
On the curve, the loudness is the same but the frequency is different.
loudness level
To distinguish between equal loudness curves, the loudness level is the sound pressure level corresponding to the intersection point of the vertical line passing through 1000Hz and the equal loudness curve.
Unit: square (phon)
Measurement method: average error method
Features: Forced by sound; frequency affects loudness; different frequencies have different loudness growth rates
（3） timbre
1||| waveform
2||| Category: pure tone; compound tone
2. auditory masking experiment
（1） Meaning: One sound raises the intensity threshold of another sound
（2） experiment
simultaneous masking
existing and interacting at the same time
pure tone masking
noise masking
Masking of speech by noise and pure tones
front and rear masking
non-simultaneous action
central masking
The masking sound and the masked sound are applied to both ears respectively.
（3） Auditory fatigue and auditory adaptation
1||| auditory fatigue
Temporary increase in hearing threshold (reduced susceptibility)
Amount of threshold increase: fatigue index/temporary threshold shift
2||| auditory adaptation
Continuous stimulation and decreased auditory sensitivity
loudness balance method
the difference
Auditory adaptation—the process of balance, stabilization level
3. Sound spatial localization experiment
（1） Sound direction localization cues
Binaural cues: intensity difference, time difference, phase difference
（2） auditory orientation cues
1||| Sound cage experiment (binaural cues play a major role in auditory orienting)
2||| Click experiment (threshold of binaural time difference)
3||| Continuous music experiment (dinaural listening)
4||| Field music experiment (closer to daily life)
4. speech perception experiment
（1） Speech and its acoustic characteristics
1||| Components of speech: vowels, consonants, special sounds
2||| Elements of speech: pitch, intensity, timbre, duration
3||| Speech-graph instrument: visible speech in the form of diagrams
（2） Acoustic cues to speech perception
1||| Consonants with different places of articulation
2||| Consonants pronounced in different ways
（3） Category nature of speech perception
phoneme boundary, similar difference threshold
二、 visual experiment
1. visual adaptation experiment
（1） Ming adaptable
Interoceptive sensitivity drops sharply in 30 seconds and is fully adapted in about 1 minute.
（2） dark adaptation
40~60min; dark adaptation instrument, threshold reduction
2. Determination of visual acuity
（1） Meaning: An indicator of the ability to distinguish details and spatial discrimination
（2） Determination
An eye chart measures visual acuity;
（3） Influencing factors
①Brightness; ②Contrast; ③Retinal location; ④Visual adaptation; ⑤Flash blindness; ⑥Practice
（4） research methods
Awareness, recognition, interpretation, positioning
3. Determination of critical flash fusion frequency (CFF)
（1） Meaning: Indicator of time discrimination ability
（2） Measuring method: ① Flash fusion frequency meter; ② Color mixing wheel; ③ Limit method
（3） Influencing factors: ① Light phase intensity; ② Stimulation area; ③ Retinal position
4. color vision
（1） Visual Color Phenomenon Experiment
1||| color contrast
Contrast: simultaneous contrast, subsequent contrast
(Color vision) changes: brightness contrast, hue contrast, saturation contrast
2||| color adaptation
Long-term color stimulation, sensitivity changes, fatigue, and perception of complementary colors
3||| color mix
Shade mixing (additive)
Basic colors: red, green, blue
Laws: law of complements, law of intermediation, law of substitution
Pigment Mixing (Subtractive)
Base colors: yellow, cyan, magenta
（2） Color perception phenomenon experiment
1||| McCuller effect
Color effects that change with direction
2||| McCalller effect experiment
Complementary effects, directional cues, independent fatigue and adaptation
三、 Perceptual experiment
1. perceptual organization experiment
（1） Direct perception (bottom-up processing)
1||| Meaning: Stimulus-driven, derived from Gestalt
2||| representative figure
Wertheimer: Human beings are born with their gestalt and are rarely influenced by ideas.
Gibson: People can have direct perceptual experiences corresponding to the stimulation that acts on their senses.
3||| Experimental support
Visual cliff experiment (Gibson, Watt)
（2） Indirect perception (top-down processing)
1||| Meaning: past experience, judgment, evaluation, explanation
2||| representative figure
Helmholtz: Visual perception comes from visual experience
Bruner & Gregory: hypothesis testing theory
3||| Experimental support (emphasis on experience)
Subjective contour experiment, perceptual constancy experiment, inability to figure experiment, dichotic listening experiment, etc.
2. perceptual constancy experiment
（1） Experience and Perceptual Constancy Experiments
1||| brunswick ratio
MR=(R-S)/(A-S)
2||| Shores Ratio
Take the logarithm
（2） size constancy experiment
1||| Emmert's law
α=A/D
Large near, small far
2||| Howey & Pauling's experiment
Depth cues, spatial arrangement
（3） shape constancy experiment
1||| Judgment shape: between the true shape of the object and the tilted shape; the fewer the judgment conditions, the greater the difference from the true shape
2||| Decline with age - innate ability
（4） color constancy experiment
Conditions change, color perception remains unchanged
Stare at a red background and then look at a white background to see green (complementary color)
3. spatial perception experiment
（1） Whetstone
Stereoscope (study of depth perception/stereoscopic perception)
Principle: The picture seen by each eye is produced separately, and then presented to the left and right eyes respectively to form three-dimensional perception.
（2） Juriz
Separating binocular disparity from other depth cues
4. motion perception experiment
（1） Prato
Moving Scenery Disk (Research Like Moving)
（2） Chen Lin
"Motion competition technology" (the relationship between topological invariance properties and quasi-kinetic phenomena)
5. Perception and Awareness Experiments
（1） unconscious perception
Unconscious, processing, reaction
（2） Neuropathology Cases
blindsight
unilateral neglect
（3） Measurement of unconscious perception
1||| Marcel-Stroop launches experiment
Prime words, color patches; reported colors; masking techniques (manipulation of perceptual level)
2||| Cheeseman & Merrikle—Experimental Isolation of Stroop Priming Effects
Manipulation of priming words and color blocks, congruent frequency (experimental separation); essential differences
3||| error recognition experiment
The time is short, the background words are the same as the test words, and errors can be recognized
四、 Pay attention to experiments (key points)
1. Theory + Experiment
（1） filter theory
1||| Single channel filter model (early selection model)
representative figure
Cherry (the first to use experimental methods to systematically study the selective effect of attention)
broadbent
experiment
Binaural listening experiment Ⅰ (Cherry)
Experimental design: Play different stories and only report following ears
Result: Follower ear can reproduce information, non-follower ear knows very little
Conclusion: Single channel filter model is supported
Dichotic listening experiment II (Broadbent)
Experimental design: Both ears heard the stimulus at the same time, and the subjects were asked to reproduce it separately, in pairs, and at will.
Results: Separate reproduction - 65%; Paired reproduction - 20%; Random reproduction = Separate reproduction
Conclusion: Storing and passing alone is better than reproducing in pairs
2||| Decay model (mid-term selection model)
Treisman
Binaural listening experiment III
Experimental Design: Presenting Word Materials
Result: Follow the full meaning
Conclusion: Not for following ears, partial attention
3||| Response selection model (late selection model)
Deutsch
Dichotic listening experiment IV (Hardwick)
Experimental design: target words are presented at the same time, in the same number, in random order
Result: No significant difference between the two ears
Conclusion: All identifiable, important information
（2） Attention to limited resources theory
1||| Kahneman
2||| Binaural listening experiment Ⅴ
Experimental design: Present target words and non-target words at the same time, repeat the target words, and recall the non-target words.
Results: Recall of non-target words (low discriminability > high discriminability)
Conclusion: Confirmation of limited resource theory
（3） feature integration theory
1||| Treisman
2||| theory
Basic concepts
Feature: a specific value of a dimension
Object: a combination of characteristics
Main content
Vision system, simple visual features, individual feature maps
Attention function, spatial location, independent feature bundling
Theoretical core
Pre-attention stage: automatic parallel processing, no attention required
Integration stage: various features are integrated into objects and processed in series
3||| experiment
Illusory combination experiment (letter illusion experiment)
Observation on patients with bilateral attention deficit due to bilateral parietal lobe damage
（4） dual process theory
1||| Shevlin, Schneider
2||| experiment
Visual search experiment Ⅰ
Experimental design: Search for target letters, randomly change, record reaction time
Results: Without practice, the number of target letters increased and the reaction time increased. After repeated practice, the time was the same.
Conclusion: Repeated practice, automaticity
memory scan experiment
Experimental design: recognition after memorization, two experimental conditions (different categories, same category)
Results: In the same category - there are many items, the response speed and accuracy rate decrease; in different categories - there are more items, the response speed and accuracy rate are very good
Conclusion: Same category, occupying cognitive resources; different categories, automation, not occupying cognitive resources
alphabet experiment
Experimental design: Memorization project - consonant letters between B and L; Recognition project - consonant letters between Q and Z
Results: 2100 tests achieved automation
Conclusion: Practice is important, and it is difficult to change once it becomes automatic.
2. Special classic experiment
（1） attentional facilitation and inhibition
1||| positive priming effect
vocabulary decision experiment
Result: Semantic words have shorter response times than meaningless words
Conclusion: Supports activation diffusion theory
Theoretical explanation: The target is activated - the reaction threshold is lowered - the reaction time is shortened
2||| negative priming effect
Negative priming experiment
diffusion inhibition experiment
Variation experiment of Stroop color word task
3||| Repeated start
4||| indirect start
（2） Attentional return inhibition experiment
1||| facilitation
Reaction time: Cued < Uncued
2||| return suppressed
(The interval is too long) Reaction time: Cued > Uncued
Breaking point: 300ms
3||| Application: cue paradigm, prompt paradigm
（3） Stimulus-response consistency theory and experiments on conflict effects
1||| theory
stimulus-response congruence theory
Spatial dimension, ipsilateral facilitation
2||| conflict effect experiment
Stroop interference task (conflict between writing color and word meaning information)
Simon task (task between target position and response direction)
Flanker task (lateral inhibition)
anti-eye movement task
（4） Attention web quiz
1||| Overview: Posner spatial cueing task combined with Eriksen flanker effect paradigm
2||| Basic principles
The difference between the three reaction times
No clues and central clues
Vigilance system, reaction time to central cues becomes shorter
central cues and spatial cues
Orientation system, spatial cue reaction time shortened
Both sides are consistent with the goal and both sides are in conflict with the goal
Conflict condition reaction time becomes longer (loss under conflict effect)
Correct rate
Difference in reaction time, accuracy, "speed-accuracy trade-off"
3. Attention research paradigm
（1） prompt paradigm
1||| Principle: Instructions, input sources, comparison with others, spatial cueing paradigm
2||| Application: Attentional return inhibition experiments
（2） search paradigm
1||| Principle: Find target stimuli and present them simultaneously or successively
2||| Application: Feature integration experiment
（3） dual task paradigm
1||| Principle: Evaluate the degree to which two different tasks influence each other (follow the principle of complementarity)
2||| Common results
If the cognitive processing process is the same, the task that requires more attention will perform better.
If the cognitive processing processes are relatively independent, the results will be equally good.
If the cognitive processing processes are partly the same, then the partial influence
3||| Application: Pay attention to flashing (AB phenomenon)
（4） filter paradigm
1||| Principle: Point to the source of information and evaluate the unnoticed information processing process
2||| example
negative priming paradigm
whole-part paradigm
Bilateral task paradigm (bilateral paradigm)
Others: Treisman's dichotic listening technology, Stroop paradigm, Flanker task
（5） Common paradigms of visual attention
1||| point detection paradigm
2||| Rapid Sequence Presentation Paradigm (RSVP)
Pay attention to flashing (AB phenomenon)
（6） Cross-channel attention research paradigms: attention search paradigm, inattentional blindness paradigm, change blindness paradigm, selective attention paradigm
五、 Memory Experiment (Key Points)
1. sensory memory
（1） Research on image memory
Berlin
1||| Full report method: present materials, all memories; 4 or 5 letters
2||| Partial reporting method: partial recall; 9 letters, image memory
3||| Delayed partial report method: similar partial report, delayed part, sensory memory; extinction within 1 s
（2） Research on audiovisual memory
"Four-Eared Man" Experiment (Morry)
2~4 sound sources, presented simultaneously; some are better than all, sensory memory
Audio and video memory storage capacity is smaller and lasts longer
2. short term memory
（1） coding
1||| auditory coding
Researcher: Conrad
Experiment: Phonetic similarity, recall effects
Key Points: Auditory coding is the main focus
2||| visual encoding
Researcher: Posner
Experiment: letter vision, name matching experiment (subtraction reaction time)
Key points: Visual coding exists, first visual coding → then auditory coding
3||| Influencing factors: ① arousal level; ② block size; ③ processing depth (processing level experiment)
（2） storage
Memory span test (7±2 blocks)
（3） extract
Sternberg: Additive reaction time; complete series scan
（4） Failed to extract
1||| “Peterson-Peterson method”
Interfering with homework, preventing retelling, and forgetting
2||| Waugh and Norman: Detection Method
Detection of numbers, independent of time, separation of fading and disturbance (cause)
3. long term memory
（1） Saving method (re-learning method)
×100%
（2） recall method
1||| Series of memories (sequential reproduction)
Serial position effect, sequence arrangement
2||| Dual Joint Memories (Calkins)
Paired items; test method, expectation method; meaningful and easy to remember
3||| free recall
series position effect
recency effect, primacy effect
Two kinds of memory theory
The initial and middle parts of the curve—long-term memory—the effects of speed, frequency, etc. of word presentation
The end of the curve - short-term memory - the impact of interfering activities
（3） recognition method
Yes/no recognition test, forced-choice recognition test (to eliminate subject guessing to the greatest extent)
%
（4） other
Code Retrieval Experiments: Recalling, Initial Coding
4. working memory
（1） Baddeley & Hitch
1||| four parts
Central execution system: randomly generate tasks
Visual Spatial Template
Dual-task paradigm experiment, interference paradigm experiment
Phonological loop: phonetic similarity effect, word length effect, irrelevant speech effect
The episodic buffer: Integrate visual, spatial and verbal information, link between working memory and long-term memory
2||| Measurement
Working memory span test experiment: short-term memory and working memory are different
N-back tasks
5. implicit memory
（1） research methods
1||| indirect measurement
① Perceptual recognition; ② Fuzzy word recognition; ③ Filling in the word stem; ④ Filling in the remaining words; ⑥ Others: re-learning method, subliminal perception experiment
2||| Processing Separation Program (PDP Paradigm)
A thought: recognition, familiarity extraction, consciousness extraction
Two types of tests: included tests and excluded tests
Four assumptions: independence; conscious retrieval; automatic retrieval; conscious retrieval all or none, automatic retrieval is right or wrong
Evaluation: Separating unconscious and conscious components
（2） Theoretical explanation
1||| Multiple Memory Systems (Tulwin): SPI Theory
2||| The transmission of appropriate cognitive procedures perspective (Roediger): different cognitive procedures, four hypotheses
6. prospective memory
（1） Meaning: memory of a scheduled time or action to be performed in the future
（2） research methods
1||| Experimental method—dual-task paradigm
Einstein, McDaniel; transfer appropriate processing effect (TAP effect)
2||| natural law
3||| scenario simulation method
7. false memory
（1） Divided according to extraction accuracy
1||| True memory: Correct reporting
2||| False memory: false statement
（2） research paradigm
1||| association research paradigm
Focused Association Processing Paradigm (DRM Paradigm); Category Association Processing Paradigm
2||| unconscious perception paradigm
3||| misconnection paradigm
4||| Misleading information disrupts the paradigm
5||| KK paradigm
（3） theoretical model
1||| Implicit Activation Response Theory (Underwood; IRA)
2||| Fuzzy Trace Theory (Brainard & Rayner; FTT)
3||| Source Detection Framework (SMF)
（4） Classic Experiment (Bartlett)
1||| Series of regeneration experiments
2||| Repeated Regeneration Experiments: Ghost Wars
8. directed forgetting experiment
（1） Meaning: intentional forgetting, directionality, control consciousness; also called intentional forgetting
（2） Research paradigm: single word method; word list method
9. Retrieval-induced forgetting experiment
（1） Meaning: recall part of the memory material, reduce the amount of relevant memory material recalled
（2） Research paradigm: retrieval practice paradigm; four stages (learning stage, retrieval practice, interference stage, recall test)
六、 study
1. conditional learning stage
（1） Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
Conditioned stimulus Unconditioned stimulus; a certain number of times; conditioned stimulus → unconditioned response (forming conditioned reflex)
（2） operant conditioning
1||| Thorndike's instrumental conditioning
Hungry cat cage experiment
Reinforcer presented after response
2||| Skinner operant conditioning
Behavior shaping, behavior modification, reinforcement, extinction, and systematic desensitization
3||| Feedback learning experiment: Miller reward method
2. cognitive learning experiment
（1） epiphany experiment
Kohler: Chimpanzee Experiments
（2） Cognitive map experiment
Tolman: Rat maze experiment, location learning experiment, detour experiment, latent learning experiment
（3） Human maze learning experiment
stick experiment
3. implicit learning
（1） artificial grammar paradigm
Leiber: "Grammar" rules, classification operation tasks
（2） sequence learning paradigm
Present a pattern of stimuli with a regular sequence
Sequential reaction time task, matrix scanning task, sequence prediction task
（3） complex system control paradigm
Broadbent: Solving real-life problems
（4） signal detection paradigm
Classification operation tasks, implicit learning
七、 thought experiment
1. Concept Formation and Artificial Concept Experimentation
（1） Brunner's Artificial Concept Experiment
（2） "Yerkes Selector" and spatial positional relationship (the formation of the concept of simple positional relationship)
（3） Study on the Characteristics of Concept Formation
（4） Concept Formation Experiment Variations
1||| Levine's "Blank" Experiment
2||| Zhang Qinglin’s “fixed sample” experiment
（5） Gradient-mutation experiment
2. Reasoning and Heuristic Strategy Experiments
（1） reasoning
（2） Heuristic strategy experiments
1||| representativeness heuristic
2||| availability heuristic
3||| adaptive heuristics
3. Prospect theory of strategy and its experiments
（1） loss aversion
（2） donation effect
4. Iowa Gambling Tasks
八、 Emotion experiment
1. How to measure emotions
（1） Physiological index measurement
Objective indicators, independent variables (such as skin electricity, brain waves, biochemical indicators, etc.)
（2） Facial expression measurement
objective indicators
1||| early measurements
Facial Expression Linear Scale (Woodworth)
Circular scales and three-dimensional pattern diagrams (Schloberg)
2||| modern measuring technology
Facial Action Coding System (FACS; Ekman)
Maximally Discriminative Facial Muscle Movement Coding System (MAX; Izzard)
Holistic Judgment System for Expression Recognition (AFFEX; Izzard)
3||| Modern advantages: accuracy, objectivity, ease of use, dynamic process
（3） subjective experience measurement
1||| Adjective Short Listing (ACL): Static Measurement, Plachek's Three-Dimensional Model of Emotions
2||| Time Sampling Technique (TSD): dynamic, diary form, time sampling diary
3||| Dimensional Rating Scale (DRS): Izzard, measuring emotional dimensions
4||| Differentiated Emotion Scale (DES): Izzard, measures the emotional component
2. Emotional Experimental Methods
（1） stimulus-response method
Intermediate link, infer internal emotions; conditioned emotion technology, dual-track program, static research technology
（2） emotion induction method
Direct manipulation, recording indicators, exploring relationships; word induction method, picture induction method, video induction method, static research technology
3. Common paradigms for emotion experiments
（1） Fear conditioning experimental paradigm
1||| fear conditioned reflex
2||| guided fear paradigm
（2） Learned helplessness experimental paradigm
（3） Target emotion induction experimental paradigm
4. The generation and acquisition of emotions
（1） The production of emotions (Schachter & Singer)
（2） Innate acquisition of emotions (Harlow's experiment)
（3） Emotional acquisition experiment
1||| Little Albert's Fear Acquisition Experiment
2||| learned helplessness experiment
九、 Commonly used psychological experimental techniques
1. eye tracking technology
（1） Introduction: Eye movement trajectories, data extraction, cognitive processes
（2） Experimental methods
1||| Current recording method: potential difference, bioelectricity
2||| Optical recording methods: optical principles, modern eye trackers
（3） basic form
watch; jump; follow movement
2. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
（1） Introduction: Brain Cognitive Imaging Technology
（2） Principle: Generate microcurrent and form potential difference
（3） evaluate
1||| advantage
High time resolution; low cost; easy to use and maintain; safe and non-invasive; suitable for all ages
2||| shortcoming
Lack of functional localization capabilities → Uncertainty in data interpretation
3. Event Related Points (ERP)
（1） Introduction: Scalp, non-destructive, brain potential, signal extraction
（2） evaluate
1||| advantage
Extremely high temporal resolution; low cost; non-invasive
2||| shortcoming
low spatial resolution
（3） Application: Electrophysiological studies of attention
4. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
（1） Introduction: Learning and Memory, Structural Change
（2） Principle: difference in blood red oxygenation level, electromagnetic level, network imaging
（3） evaluate
1||| advantage
Non-invasive; functional & structural images; extremely high spatial resolution; fast imaging speed; a large number of parameters can be controlled
2||| shortcoming
Temporal resolution is lower than EEG and MEG; not suitable for patients with claustrophobia; noisy; high cost; unable to conduct sound-related experiments
5. Positron Emitting Layer Scanning Technology (PET)
（1） Introduction: Radioactive tracers, including glucose metabolism, high oxygen consumption, blood flow, etc.
（2） evaluate
1||| advantage
No harm; reusable; can detect deep parts of the brain
2||| shortcoming
Long imaging time; poor temporal resolution; subject to dose limits of radioactive substances; high cost
6. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
（1） Introduction: Form current, generate magnetic field, draw magnetoencephalogram
（2） evaluate
1||| advantage
The location of neural excitation sources is more direct and accurate; the time resolution is very high
2||| shortcoming
High cost; only sensitive to sources of excitement in certain flow directions
7. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
（1） Introduction: Near-infrared light, deoxygenated hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, concentration changes
（2） evaluate
1||| advantage
Non-invasive; removable; high tolerance for head movement; no special requirements for the environment; relatively low price
2||| shortcoming
Insensitive to deep neural activity in the brain; spatial resolution is very low and cannot be precisely positioned
8. Transcranial electrical stimulation technology (t-DCS)
Non-invasive, low-intensity current, specific brain area, transcranial direct current stimulation (t-DCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (t-ACS)
9. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
（1） Basic principles: pulse magnetic field, membrane potential, physiological and biochemical reactions, electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic conversion principles
（2） Features: non-invasive, no electrodes, no direct contact with the human body, simple
（3） Applications: Treatment of neurological diseases, treatment of depression, neurorehabilitation
（4） Influencing factors
Frequency, stimulation site, stimulation intensity, stimulation pulses, stimulation duration, stimulation sessions, coil shape, patient's severity of illness, medication and individual factors
10. Other commonly used experimental equipment
（1） sensory instruments
Length and area estimator, flash fusion meter, lightness tester, color mixing wheel, audiometer, upgrade meter, sound cage, and others
（2） Perceptual instruments
Depth perception instrument, space perception test instrument, time perception test instrument, speed perception instrument, size constancy measuring instrument, stereoscope, kinesis phenomenon instrument, moving scene disk
（3） reaction time instruments
Simple reaction time tester, selected reaction time tester, reaction box
（4） Attention instruments
Alert instrument, attention distribution instrument, two-hand regulator, compounder, reaction box
（5） Memory instruments
memory drum, speed indicator
（6） Learning instruments
Maze, multiple selector
（7） personality instrument
rod frame meter
（8） Skill instruments
Motion stabilizer, finger dexterity tester, mirror drawing tester, rotation tracking test