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Chapter 3 Local Blood Circulation Disorders
Pathology Chapter 3: Local Blood Circulation Disorders Mind Map. Local blood circulation disorders refer to clinical syndromes caused by abnormalities in the blood vessels themselves or surrounding tissue structures, resulting in insufficient blood perfusion or obstruction of backflow in local tissues, thereby causing a series of pathophysiological changes. .
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Chapter 3 Local Blood Circulation Disorders
- Knowledge Map of Nezha 2 Analysis of Characters and Symbolic Elements
Dive into the world of the Chinese animated film Nezha 2: The Devil's Birth! This knowledge map, created with EdrawMind, provides a detailed analysis of main characters, symbolic elements, and their cultural significance, offering deep insights into the film's storytelling and design.
- Details of 《Nezha 2》
This is a mindmap about Nezha 2, exploring its political metaphors and cultural references. The diagram highlights the symbolism behind the Dragon Clan’s suppression, drawing parallels to modern geopolitical conflicts and propaganda manipulation. It also details Chinese historical and cultural elements embedded in the film, such as the Jade Void Palace, Ao Bing’s armor, Taiyi Zhenren’s magic weapon, and Nezha’s hairstyle.
- 《Nezha 2》Main character
This is a mindmap about the main characters of Nezha 2, detailing their backgrounds, conflicts, and symbolic meanings. It explores the personal struggles and transformations of Nezha, Ao Bing, Shen Gongbao, and Li Jing as they navigate themes of rebellion, duty, ambition, and sacrifice.
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- Outline
Chapter 3 Local Blood Circulation Disorders
congestion and congestion (Abnormality in local blood content)
Hyperemia
concept
An increase in the blood content in blood vessels of an organ or local tissue due to an increase in arterial blood input is called arterial congestion
type
Physiological congestion
The gastrointestinal mucosa is congested after eating, the skeletal muscles are congested by exercise, and the pregnant uterus is congested.
Pathological congestion
Inflammatory hyperemia, post-decompression hyperemia (reflexive dilation of arterioles)
Disease and consequences
naked eye
The size increases slightly. If it occurs on the body surface, the local color will be bright red and the temperature will increase.
under the mirror
Local arteriole and capillary congestion
as a result of
Usually no adverse consequences. On the basis of diseased blood vessels, blood vessel rupture may occur.
Congestion (concept, pathological changes, liver congestion)
concept:
It means that the venous blood return flow of organs or local tissues is blocked, and blood passively accumulates in small veins and capillaries, resulting in an increase in blood volume. venous congestion
reason
venous compression
Tumors and pregnant uterus compress veins, and intestinal volvulus compresses mesenteric veins.
venous lumen obstruction
Venous thrombosis, tumor thrombus, etc.
heart failure
Left heart failure causes pulmonary congestion Right heart failure causes systemic circulation congestion
Lesions and consequences
lesions
naked eye
Swelling of tissues and organs; when it occurs on the body surface, local skin cyanosis
under the mirror
Local dilation of small veins and capillaries, and excessive accumulation of red blood cells
Increased hydrostatic pressure, hypoxia - transudate causing congestion edema
body cavity effusion
Congestive bleeding (hemosiderocytes)
as a result of
Short-term congestion with little consequences Prolonged congestion can lead to atrophy, degeneration (reversible damage) and death of parenchymal cells Interstitial fibrous tissue hyperplasia, reticular cell collagenization, and congestion sclerosis
Congestion of vital organs
Pulmonary congestion (caused by left heart failure)
acute pulmonary congestion
naked eye
Lung volume increases, dark red, foamy red bloody fluid leaks from the cut surface
under the mirror
The alveolar wall capillaries are dilated and congested, the alveolar walls become thickened, the alveolar septa are edematous, and some alveolar cavities are filled with edema fluid and bleeding.
chronic pulmonary congestion
naked eye
The texture of the lungs becomes hard and brown, which is called brown sclerosis of the lungs
under the mirror
The alveolar wall telangiectasia and congestion are more obvious; the alveolar wall becomes thicker and fibrotic; edema fluid, bleeding and heart failure cells (macrophages) are seen in the alveolar cavity.
clinical
Shortness of breath, hypoxia, cyanosis, coughing up pink frothy sputum, etc. (orthopnea)
Liver congestion (usually caused by right heart failure)
acute liver congestion
naked eye
The liver increases in size and turns dark red
under the mirror
The central veins of the liver lobules and liver sinusoids are dilated and filled with red blood cells; in severe cases, the liver cells in the central lobules are atrophic and necrotic, and only fatty changes occur in the liver cells near the portal ducts.
chronic liver congestion
naked eye
Congestion in the central area of the liver lobules appears dark red, and the periphery appears yellow due to fatty degeneration. The cut surface is yellow and has betel-nut-like stripes on the cut surface, which is betel nut liver.
under the mirror
The central veins and sinusoids of the liver lobules are highly dilated, congestion and hemorrhage; the liver cells in the central area atrophy, necrosis and disappear. Peripheral hepatocyte steatosis
Long-term liver congestion reticular fibroblast collagenization Portal area fibrous connective tissue hyperplasia Fat storage cells proliferate and collagen fibers increase, causing congestion cirrhosis.
thrombosis (Abnormalities in blood properties and vascular contents)
Concept: In the heart and blood vessels of a living body, the process of blood coagulation or the aggregation of certain components in the blood to form a solid mass is called thrombosis. The solid mass formed is called a thrombus
Conditions and mechanisms of thrombosis
mechanism
Cardiovascular endothelial cell damage
endothelial cell anticoagulation
Barrier effect:
Anti-platelet aggregation:
Synthetic antithrombin or inactivated coagulation factors
Promote fibrinolysis
Procoagulant effect of endothelial cells
Activates endogenous and extrinsic coagulation processes
Assist platelet adhesion
Inhibit fibrinolysis
platelet activation
adhesion reaction
release reaction
agglutination reaction
Abnormal blood flow status
blood flow slows down
blood flow creates vortex
increased blood coagulability
Hereditary hypercoagulability (factor V)
Acquired hypercoagulable state (extensive metastasis of cancer cells releases procoagulant factors)
The process of thrombosis and thrombosis morphology
Formation process
adhere, release, gather, solidify
7 Types and forms (parts and under the microscope)
White thrombus
Location: heart valves with fast blood flow, intracardiac chambers, intraarteries and the starting point of continuous thrombus
Naked eye: gray-white nodules, rough surface
Microscopically: It is mainly composed of platelets and a small amount of fibrin, also known as platelet thrombus or precipitated thrombus.
mixed thrombus
Site: Persistent thrombosis body
Under the microscope: light red structureless coral-like platelet trabeculae
Naked eye: Gray-white layered structure of alternating platelets and red blood cells
red blood clot
Location: Mainly found in veins, tail of continuous thrombus
Under the microscope: The fibrin mesh is filled with blood cells, mainly red blood cells and a small amount of white blood cells.
Naked eyes: Dark red, not sticky with blood vessels, easy to fall off and form thrombus.
hyaline thrombus
Location: Mainly in capillaries, also known as microthrombus, common in DIC
Under the microscope: composed of eosinophilic homogeneous fibrin, also known as fibrinous thrombus
outcome of thrombosis
Soften, dissolve, absorb
Mechanization, recanalization
Calcification: Calcium salt deposition, forming phleboliths and arterial stones
fall off
The impact of blood clots on the body
Hemostatic effect
Prevent the spread of infection
block blood vessels
artery
Incomplete obstruction causes ischemia and parenchymal cell atrophy
Infarction occurs when there is complete obstruction and no effective collateral circulation.
vein
No effective collateral circulation, causing local congestion, edema, hemorrhage and necrosis
When collateral circulation is abundant, no obvious symptoms are caused
embolism
Heart valve deformation
In rheumatic or infective endocarditis, the thrombus formed repeatedly on the heart valves organizes, causing valve orifice stenosis and valve insufficiency.
extensive bleeding
When DIC occurs, coagulation factors are consumed in large quantities and the blood becomes non-coagulable.
embolism (Abnormalities in blood properties and vascular contents)
Concept: Abnormal substances that are insoluble in the blood appear in the circulating blood and travel with the blood vessels to block the lumen of the blood vessels.
The way emboli travel
Embolism in the venous system and right heart
Embolism in the main pulmonary artery and its branches (common)
Emboli in the left heart or systemic circulatory system
Embolism in small arteries of various organs
Portal venous system emboli
intrahepatic portal vein branch emboli
cross emboli
Atrial or ventricular septal defect or arteriovenous fistula
retrograde embolism
Embolus from the inferior vena cava enters the liver, kidneys, and iliac veins
Types of embolism and effects on the body
Thromboembolism
pulmonary embolism
Medium and small emboli: usually no obvious symptoms
With large emboli, the patient suddenly develops dyspnea, shock, and sudden death.
The emboli are small but numerous: embolism occurs in most small branches and sudden death occurs.
mechanism:
Main trunk embolism causes a sharp increase in internal resistance, acute right heart failure, decreased coronary perfusion, and myocardial ischemia.
The embolism stimulates the vagus nerve and causes spasm of the pulmonary artery, coronary artery, bronchial artery, and bronchial smooth muscle through nerve reflex, leading to acute right heart failure and asphyxia.
systemic arterial embolism
Most emboli originate from the left heart Main parts: lower limbs, brain, intestines, kidneys and spleen
fat embolism
gas embolism
air embolism
decompression sickness
amniotic fluid embolism
Other embolisms
infarction (Local blood flow obstruction causes tissue necrosis)
concept
Necrosis of local tissues or organs due to blood vessel obstruction and cessation of blood flow leading to hypoxia is called infarction.
Causes of infarction
Thrombosis (most common cause of infarction)
Arterial embolism: mostly arterial thromboembolism, which can also cause spleen, kidney, brain
Arteriospasm: coronary artery spasm caused by coronary atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction
blood vessel compression and occlusion
conditions for infarction
Blood vessel type
Organs with dual blood supply or abundant anastomotic branches are less susceptible to infarction
When organs have few arterial anastomotic branches and collateral circulation cannot be effectively established, infarction is likely to occur.
Sensitivity of local tissue to ischemia
Brain nerve cells and cardiomyocytes are sensitive to ischemia
Skeletal muscle and fibrous connective tissue tolerate ischemia
Lesions and types of infarction
Morphological features of infarction
The shape of the infarct
Depends on how the organ is vascularized
For example, spleen, kidney, and lung infarcts are cone-shaped. myocardial infarction map Intestinal infarction segmental shape
texture
Depends on type of necrosis
Coagulative necrosis of solid organs such as heart, kidney, spleen and stomach Cerebral infarction is liquefied necrosis
color
Depends on blood content Less, white infarct Multiple, red infarcts (hemorrhagic infarcts)
type
anemic infarction
It occurs in solid organs with dense tissue structure and insufficient collateral circulation, such as spleen, kidney, heart and brain tissue.
Hemorrhagic infarction (often occurring in the lungs and intestines)
Occurrence conditions
severe congestion
loose tissue
Common types
pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction
septic necrosis
Caused by emboli containing bacteria that block blood vessels
The impact and outcome of infarction on the body
Influence
Depends on the organ in which the infarction occurred, the size and location of the infarction, and the presence or absence of bacterial infection and other factors
ending
Infarction is an irreversible disease of the body, and the infarct tissue can be dissolved, absorbed, or organized, wrapped, and calcified.