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Histology and Embryology
Introduction and Chapter 1 Cells, Histology mainly studies the fine structure of the normal body (that is, the structure under the microscope) and its related functions. These structures include cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
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Histology and Embryology
- Knowledge Map of Nezha 2 Analysis of Characters and Symbolic Elements
Dive into the world of the Chinese animated film Nezha 2: The Devil's Birth! This knowledge map, created with EdrawMind, provides a detailed analysis of main characters, symbolic elements, and their cultural significance, offering deep insights into the film's storytelling and design.
- Details of 《Nezha 2》
This is a mindmap about Nezha 2, exploring its political metaphors and cultural references. The diagram highlights the symbolism behind the Dragon Clan’s suppression, drawing parallels to modern geopolitical conflicts and propaganda manipulation. It also details Chinese historical and cultural elements embedded in the film, such as the Jade Void Palace, Ao Bing’s armor, Taiyi Zhenren’s magic weapon, and Nezha’s hairstyle.
- 《Nezha 2》Main character
This is a mindmap about the main characters of Nezha 2, detailing their backgrounds, conflicts, and symbolic meanings. It explores the personal struggles and transformations of Nezha, Ao Bing, Shen Gongbao, and Li Jing as they navigate themes of rebellion, duty, ambition, and sacrifice.
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- Outline
Histology and Embryology
Histology
introduction
Definition of histology: the study of the microstructure of the normal body and its related functions
foundation of organization
Cells: the basic unit of structure and function of the human body
Tissue: composed of cells and intercellular matrix with similar shapes and similar functions. The intercellular matrix can also be called extracellular matrix.
System: a combination of organs with continuous structure and related functions to complete a certain continuous physiological structure
The four basic tissues of the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
Sequence of composition: cells-tissue-organ-system-human body
Research methods and techniques
Research Tools:
Optical microscope LM (light microscope) The fine structures that can be distinguished under a light microscope are called light microscope structures. They are commonly measured in microns. The resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 microns and can be magnified about 1500 times.
Special optical microscope
Fluorescence microscope (an ultraviolet light source uses the intensity of fluorescent violet to detect changes in the structural components of cells
Inverted microscope (the light source and condenser are installed on the microscope stage for continuous observation)
Phase contrast microscope (convert phase difference into amplitude difference to make the structural contrast obvious and present a clear image
Electron microscope: The microstructure that can be distinguished under an electron microscope is called an electron microscope structure, also called an ultramicrostructure. It is often measured in nanometers.
Special electron microscopy techniques
Transmission electron microscope TEM (resolution is about 0.2 nanometers, mainly observing the ultra-micro structure inside cells and intercellular spaces)
Scanning mirror SEM (uses electron beams to scan the surface of the specimen to obtain images to observe the surface morphology and three-dimensional structure of tissue cells and organs)
research methods
Paraffin sectioning method (1) Material collection and fixation (2) Dehydration, transparency and embedding: Dehydrate with ethanol, clear with xylene and then immerse in paraffin to make it have a certain hardness (3) Sectioning and staining: Cut the paraffin block into 5- 10mm thin section (4) Sealing -----HE staining method ((Hematoxylin stain is alkaline, but the chromatin in the nucleus and the ribosome structure in the cytoplasm are stained purple-blue) Tissue structures that have a strong affinity for basic dyes are called basophages)) ((The eosin staining solution is acidic, which can stain the cytoplasm of most cells pink. Tissue structures that have a strong affinity for acidic dyes will become eosinophilic))) For acidic and alkali Those with neither strong sexual affinity are called neutral
cell
cell membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is the boundary membrane that isolates the cell from the surrounding microenvironment (it ensures that the environment inside the cell is relatively stable and the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances inside and outside the cell and is responsible for the exchange of information between cells). It is difficult to distinguish under a light microscope (while in transmission Under the electron microscope, the thickness of the structure with two dark parts and one bright part is about 7.5nm.) This kind of film is also called a unit film.
The cell membrane is composed of lipids and proteins with a small amount of sugars - the phospholipid bimolecular model (hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic)
Cytoplasm - called cytoplasm consists of cell matrix, organelles, and inclusions
Cytoplasmic matrix: The liquid part of the cytoplasm is a fluid, uniform and transparent gel-like substance in which organelles and inclusions are suspended. It is the main place for cell metabolism.
Cell organelles: tiny structures with specific morphological structures suspended in the cytoplasmic matrix that perform certain physiological functions.
Ribosomes: called ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins (are the main place where proteins are synthesized)
Free ribosomes:
Attached ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum: a membranous structure composed of a layer of unit membranes, some of which are tubular, vesicular, or flattened to form a three-dimensional network membrane structure.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: proteins from ribosomes are further processed and folded to form secreted proteins and membrane proteins with spatial structure
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: mostly tubular and vesicular in shape, with complex functions involved in lipid metabolism, synthesis of cholesterol hormones, drug metabolism and detoxification, etc.
Golgi complex: composed of flat vesicles, vesicles and large vesicles, mainly involved in cell secretion activities and the formation of lysosomes
Lysosome: A globular body formed by the detachment of the mature surface of the Golgi complex. It contains a variety of enzymes and is the digester within the cell.
Mitochondria: often spherical, rod-shaped and oval-shaped particles, related to the level of cellular metabolism
adventitia: smooth
Intima: folds inward to form ridges, increasing the surface area of the intima
Microbody: Peroxisome, its main function is to eliminate hydrogen peroxide that is harmful to cells, participate in the oxidation of fatty acids, and play a detoxification role.
Centrosome: It consists of a pair of centrioles perpendicular to each other (centrioles are related to the formation of the spindle during cell mitosis). Centrosome dysfunction may cause abnormal chromosome division and lead to the occurrence of malignant tumors. It is also involved in the composition of cilia, flagella, axonemes and other structures.
Cytoskeleton: The protein fiber network structure in the cell. It maintains the order of the internal structure of the cell's specific shape and plays an important role in the cell's material transportation, information transmission, cell movement, cell division, differentiation and apoptosis.
Inclusions: refers to the general term for various metabolites and storage substances with certain forms in the cytoplasm, including metabolites, stored nutrients, secretory granules, etc.
Nucleus: composed of nuclear membrane, nuclear matrix, chromatin and nucleolus, it is the center for storing and controlling genetic information and the regulatory center for life activities.
Nuclear membrane: The boundary membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It controls the exchange of materials between the two. It consists of two layers of unit membranes, the inner and outer layers. There are pores called nuclear pores.
Nuclear matrix: It is the liquid part of the nucleus except for chromatin and nucleolus, and is composed of the nuclear skeleton of the fiber network (the nuclear skeleton provides the spatial scaffold for the nucleus, DNA replication, gene expression, and a series of relationships)
Chromatin and chromosomes (two forms of existence at different times) (the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes) and germ cells have 23
Chromatin: the carrier of cellular genetic information and the most important part of the cell nucleus. It is composed of DNA and protein and is easily stained by basic dyes.
Heterochromatin: granular or lumpy, highly contracted under light microscope, with inactive transcription function
Euchromatin: a structure with a low degree of contraction and a relatively active transcriptional function involved in RNA synthesis
Chromosome: During cell division, the chromatin stretches and is diffusely distributed into filaments. The chromatin is highly condensed, folded and coiled to form a strip or rod-like structure.
The round or oval structure of the nucleolar five-terminal membrane is composed of proteins and nucleic acids and functions to synthesize RNA from ribosomes.
epithelial tissue
Embryology