Test point 2: Basic questions of philosophy
(1) The question of which is the origin and which is primary, matter or consciousness;
a. Any philosophy that believes that matter is original and primary and consciousness is derived and secondary belongs to materialism;
b. Any philosophy that believes that consciousness is original and primary and that matter is derived and secondary belongs to idealism.
(2) The issue of the identity of thinking and existence;
a. Mainly refers to the question of whether thinking can understand existence, that is, whether the world can be understood.
b. Recognize the identity of thinking and existence, believe that the world can be known, and belong to gnosticism.
c. Denying the identity of thinking and existence, believing that it is impossible to know the world or that it is impossible to know it completely, which is agnosticism
Test point 3: Basic issues of social historical perspective: the relationship between social existence and social consciousness
(1) Anyone who believes that social existence determines social consciousness is historical materialism;
(2) Anyone who believes that social consciousness determines social existence is historical idealism
Test point 5: The opposition between monism and dualism, materialism and idealism on the nature of the world
Monism/Dualism Whether to recognize unity (differentiated == dualism == parallel to each other, independent of each other)
Monism = fundamental point of view: recognizing the unity of the world and believing that everything in the world has a common essence or origin.
The difference between materialism and idealism lies in how to answer the question of whether the world can be known. (single choice)
Test point 6: The objective existence of the material world
1. The world is a unified material world
2. Matter is an objective reality that does not depend on consciousness and can be reflected by consciousness.
3. Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter
4. Time and space are the ways of existence of material movement
Test point 7: The nature, characteristics, form and function of practice
1. Practice is an objective material activity in which the subject actively transforms and explores the object.
2. Practical subjects refer to people with practical abilities who are in certain social relationships.
Three forms: ① basic characteristics: group subject; ③ type subject.
3. The object of practice is the object to which the subject’s practical activities are directed.
Features:: Objectivity, objectivity, social history.
Three types: ① natural objects; ② social objects; ③ spiritual objects.
4. Three basic characteristics of practice:
Objectivity: Practice is an objective perceptual material activity.
Conscious initiative: Practice is the conscious and purposeful activity of the subject.
Social and historical nature: Practice is a social and historical activity.
5. Practice mainly has the following three basic forms:
It is the most basic practical activity. material production practices. It is an activity that deals with the relationship between man and nature.
The practice of managing social relationships.
6. The practical point of view is the basic point of view of Marxist philosophy.
Test point 9: The identity and struggle of contradictions
Contradiction is the unity of opposites.
Basic attributes: identity and struggle
Test point 10: Contradiction is the driving force for the development of things
(1) The role of contradictory identity in the development of things (short answer)
① The two sides of the contradiction are interdependent, which keeps things relatively stable and provides necessary prerequisites for the existence and development of things.
② Both parties to the conflict absorb factors beneficial to themselves from each other and develop.
③The identity of contradictions determines the basic trend of the development of things.
(2) The role of the struggle of contradictions in the development of things (short answer)
① In the process of quantitative changes in things, struggle drives contradictions. The balance of power and mutual relations between the two parties have changed, preparing for a qualitative change.
② In the process of material change of things, struggle breaks through the limits of the existence of things, promotes the transformation of contradictions, and realizes qualitative changes of things.
Contradiction is the driving force for the development of things, which means that the fundamental cause of the development of things is the internal contradiction of things. (single choice)
Test point 12: Universality and particularity of contradictions
Universality: Contradictions are everywhere and all the time.
Particularity:
The contradictions in different things have their own characteristics;
Contradictions of the same thing have different characteristics in different development processes and stages;
The many contradictions that make up things and the different aspects of each contradiction have different natures, statuses and functions.
(3) The relationship between the universality and particularity of contradiction (short answer)
The contradictory relationship between universality and particularity, that is, the relationship between universality and individuality, generality and individuality, is dialectically unified.
Contradictory universality and particularity are interconnected. On the one hand, universality exists in particularity. On the other hand, particularity contains universality. The universality and particularity of contradiction are distinct from each other. The general is more general and profound than the individual, and the individual is richer and more specific than the general.
The universality and particularity of contradictions can transform into each other under certain conditions. Due to the extremely vast scope and infinite development of things, what is universal on one occasion will become particular on another occasion, and vice versa.
Test point 13: main contradiction and secondary contradiction, the main aspect and the secondary aspect of the contradiction
1. Principles of principal contradiction and secondary contradiction
The main contradiction: occupying a dominant position and playing a decisive role.
Secondary contradictions: Other contradictions in a subordinate position are secondary contradictions.
A. The two influence and interact with each other.
B. The status of the principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction is not static. They can transform into each other under certain conditions.
C. Significance: The principle of the relationship between primary contradictions and secondary contradictions is of great significance to the construction of socialist modernization.
2. Principles of primary and secondary aspects of contradiction
The main aspect of the contradiction: The aspect that occupies a dominant position and plays a major role is the main aspect of the contradiction;
Secondary aspect of contradiction: The aspect in the dominated position is the secondary aspect of contradiction.
3. Methodology (short answer)
The principle of the relationship between the main contradiction and the secondary contradiction, and the main aspect and the secondary aspect of the contradiction requires us to adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory in practical work.
Adhere to the two-point theory (the main contradiction and the secondary contradiction, the main aspect and the secondary aspect of the contradiction), and adhere to the key point theory (focus on grasping the main contradiction and grasp the main aspects of the contradiction.)
Test point 14: Quantitative change and qualitative change and their dialectical relationship
(1) Qualitative and quantitative changes
Whether the change of things exceeds the scope of degree is the fundamental sign to distinguish between quantitative change and qualitative change.
(2) Principle of relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change
①Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change.
②Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change.
③Quantitative change and qualitative change interpenetrate each other
Methodology: The law of mutual transformation of quality requires us to combine lofty ideals and county goals with the spirit of hard work and steady progress step by step in the process of socialist construction and reform, and oppose impetuous advancement and eagerness for success.
Test point 23: Social development is a regular natural historical process
Human practical activities are conscious, purposeful and conscious activities.
Test point 24: The origin and nature of consciousness
(1)The origin of consciousness
First, consciousness is the product of the long-term development of nature. Second, consciousness is the product of social labor.
(2)The nature of consciousness
Consciousness is a function of the human brain, and the human brain is the material organ of consciousness.
Consciousness is a product of society
Consciousness is the subjective image of the objective world and the reflection of the human brain on the objective world.
Consciousness is a product of society.
Test point 25: The active role of consciousness
1. The initiative of consciousness (subjective initiative):
It refers to the ability and role of consciousness to actively reflect the world and transform the world through practice.
2.Main performance:
Consciousness activities are purposeful and planned.
Consciousness activities are proactive and creative.
Consciousness has a certain influence on human physiological activities.
Consciousness can transform the objective material world through guided practice. This is the most prominent manifestation of the initiative of consciousness. The fundamental way to realize the active role of consciousness is human social practice.
(3) Nature: Correct consciousness can guide people to take correct actions and play a positive role in promoting the development of objective things; wrong consciousness can lead people to take wrong actions and hinder and destroy the development of objective things.
The most prominent manifestation of the initiative of consciousness is that consciousness activities can transform the world through guided practice. (single choice)
Test point 26: The relationship between exerting subjective initiative and respecting objective laws
(1) Respecting objective laws is the prerequisite for correctly exerting subjective initiative. (Pull the seedlings to encourage growth)
(2) To understand and utilize objective laws, we must give full play to people's subjective initiative.
The principle of dialectical unity of respecting objective laws and exerting subjective initiative has important practical significance:
In socialist modernization and various tasks, we must combine the development of people's subjective initiative with respect for objective laws. It is necessary not only to give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the broad masses of the people, but also to be down-to-earth and act in accordance with objective laws. We must not only proceed from reality, seek truth from facts and act in accordance with objective laws, but also emancipate our minds and forge ahead with determination. Only in this way can we continuously push forward the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
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