MindMap Gallery Adaptation and damage
Pathology summarizes and organizes knowledge points to help learners understand and remember. Straight to the point, it can be used as study notes and review materials to help you systematically review and consolidate the knowledge you have learned. The knowledge points are systematic and comprehensive. I hope it will be helpful to everyone! Suitable for exam review.
Edited at 2024-10-01 23:35:21這是一篇關於《簡愛》人物關係分析的心智圖,幫助你理解和閱讀這本書,本圖關係梳理清楚,非常實用,值得收藏!
This is a mind map about the analysis of the character relationships in "Jane Eyre" to help you understand and read this book. The relationships in this map are clearly sorted out. It is very practical and worth collecting!
An outline of the knowledge points of air and oxygen in Chemistry, including the production of oxygen, catalysts, and reactions. This mind map will help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge and enhance your memory. Students in need can save it.
這是一篇關於《簡愛》人物關係分析的心智圖,幫助你理解和閱讀這本書,本圖關係梳理清楚,非常實用,值得收藏!
This is a mind map about the analysis of the character relationships in "Jane Eyre" to help you understand and read this book. The relationships in this map are clearly sorted out. It is very practical and worth collecting!
An outline of the knowledge points of air and oxygen in Chemistry, including the production of oxygen, catalysts, and reactions. This mind map will help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge and enhance your memory. Students in need can save it.
Adaptation and damage
introduction
concept
Pathology is a basic medical discipline that studies the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes, clinical-pathological connections, outcomes and prognosis of diseases, and understands the nature and occurrence patterns of diseases.
Research objects and methods
human pathology
autopsy
Identify cause of death
The most authoritative diagnosis in pathology
biopsy
for diagnosis and prognosis
Cytological examination
Diagnose tumors early
experimental pathology
animal experiments
Tissue and cell culture
status
Pathological diagnosis is the gold standard for diagnosis
historical works
The pathological work related to forensic medicine is "The Collection of Cleansing Wrongs"
adapt
concept
non-damaging response of cells to persistent noxious stimuli
shrink
concept
A reduction in the size of cells, tissues or organs that have developed normally
The size of the immature uterus is considered undeveloped
type
Physiological
Seen in pubertal atrophy of the thymus and atrophy of the ovaries, uterus and testicles in the reproductive system
pathological
dystrophic atrophy
whole body
Cancer cachexia causes atrophy
local
Ischemic atrophy caused by AS
compressive atrophy
In urinary tract obstruction, urine compresses the renal parenchyma and causes it to shrink.
Pseudohypertrophy may occur
apraxia of atrophy
Limb muscle atrophy after fracture
denervation atrophy
Nerve damage leads to related muscle atrophy
endocrine atrophy
For example, hypopituitarism leads to atrophy of corresponding target organs.
aging and damage atrophy
Gastric mucosal atrophy in chronic gastritis
Pathological changes
Reduced volume, lighter weight, darker color
Under the microscope, the volume or number of parenchymal cells is reduced, and interstitial fibrous tissue or adipose tissue hyperplasia
Lipofuscin can be found in atrophy of cardiomyocytes and liver cells
Increased organ size due to interstitial hyperplasia is called pseudohypertrophy
Fat
concept
Due to increased functions and strong anabolism (based on an increase in organelles), cell volume increases
type
Physiological
compensatory
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and enlargement
endocrine
Uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy
pathological
compensatory
Hypertension leads to increased afterload and left ventricular hypertrophy
Necrosis on one side of the kidney and hypertrophy on the opposite side
endocrine
Thyroid follicular epithelial hypertrophy caused by hyperthyroidism
Pathological changes
Increased cell size, enlarged and darkly stained nuclei
Increased DNA content and organelles in cells
hyperplasia
Pathological changes
increased number of cells
The essence is an increase in mitosis
Myocardium and nerve cells do not proliferate
Can lead to fat heart
Metaplasia
concept
The process by which one mature cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type
Essentially the result of basal stem cell expression
type
epithelial tissue
squamous epithelium
Usually occurs in the overlying epithelium
Smoker's bronchus, pseudostratified columnar epithelium replaced by squamous metaplasia
columnar epithelium
Usually occurs in glandular epithelium
Chronic gastritis, gastric mucosal epithelium is replaced by intestinal mucosal metaplasia
intestinal type gastric cancer
Gastric antrum, gastric body glands replaced by pyloric glands, pseudopyloric gland metaplasia
Chronic reflux esophagogastritis, esophageal squamous epithelial metaplasia to columnar epithelium
mesenchymal tissue
After damage, fibroblasts transform into osteoblasts, which is more common in myositis ossificans.
often irreversible
reversible damage
nature
transsexual
Metabolic disorders lead to abnormal substances or abnormal accumulation of normal substances in cells or interstitium
Cellular edema
mechanism
Mitochondria are damaged (essential), Na-K dysfunction, unable to maintain osmotic pressure and absorb water
Pathological changes
Swelling of mitochondria and cells after cells absorb water, and red-stained granular matter in the cytoplasm (granular degeneration)
Viral hepatitis, extreme water absorption, balloon-like changes
The naked eye can see an increase in volume, rounded edges, tight capsule, eversion of the cut surface, and lighter color.
fatty change
Pathological changes
naked eye
Increased volume, everted edges, light yellow color, greasy cut surface
paraffin section
The fat is dissolved by the organic solvent, and the lipid droplets appear vacuole-like
frozen section
Sudan 3 staining
orange red
Osmic acid staining
black
Predisposed areas
Liver (most common)
chronic liver congestion
Occurs in the central lobular area (hypoxia)
Phosphorus poisoning
Perilobular occurrence
fatty liver
Generalized hepatic steatosis
Heart
Tabby heart
In chronic alcoholism or hypoxia, the fat-transformed myocardium turns yellow, alternating with the dark red of normal myocardium, forming yellow-red markings.
Fatty heart (not classified as fatty change)
Epicardial hyperplasia of fatty tissue infiltrates into the myocardial interstitium along the interstitium, which is called myocardial fatty infiltration
Hyalinization (protein deposition)
intracellular
Rusell corpuscle
During chronic inflammation, immune proteins are deposited in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells.
Mallory corpuscle
Alcoholic liver disease, pre-keratin deposition of intercellular intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
fibrous connective tissue (scar)
scar tissue
fibrotic glomerulus
atherosclerotic plaque
small artery wall
Small arterial walls of the kidneys commonly seen in slowly progressive hypertension and diabetes
Due to damage to endothelial cells, plasma proteins infiltrate, thickening the arterial walls and increasing blood pressure.
Myxoid change
Deposition of interstitial mucopolysaccharides and proteins
pathological calcification
Caseous necrosis may be secondary to dystrophic calcification in tuberculosis
pathological pigmentation
hemosiderin
Hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages
Systemic hemosiderin deposition in hemolytic anemia caused by shock
lipofuscin
Undigested cell debris in intracellular autophagolysosomes
irreversible damage
Necrosis
Basic lesions
Nucleus (main)
nuclear pyknosis
nuclear fragmentation
nuclear lysis
cell membrane
Increased permeability
Myocardial necrosis releases lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase
Mitochondria
As an important early marker of irreversible cell damage
type
Coagulative necrosis (most common)
More protein and less enzymes
The special feature is that the tissue outline can still be saved
Commonly seen in avascular necrosis
liquefaction necrosis
Less protein and more enzymes
Seen in abscesses (suppurative inflammation lesions) caused by fungal infection, encephalomalacia caused by ischemia and hypoxia
fibrinoid necrosis
Found in the walls of small blood vessels, in glomerulonephritis
caseous necrosis
A type of coagulative necrosis, necrotic tissue has more lipids
Necrosis is complete and the outline is invisible
Mainly seen in caseous pulmonary necrosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gangrene (secondary putrefactive infection)
dry gangrene
The arteries are blocked but the venous return is unobstructed
More common in limbs
wet gangrene
It mostly occurs in the internal organs that communicate with the outside world.
Such as intestines, lungs, uterus
gas gangrene
Seen in wet gangrene combined with Clostridium perfringens infection
The necrotic tissue is honeycomb-shaped and has a tingling sensation when pressed.
ending
Dissolve and absorb
happy ending
Separate discharge
erosion
superficial tissue loss
ulcer
Deep tissue loss
Dou Dao
A deep blind tube (a hole) formed by necrotic tissue that only opens on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes
fistula
A channel-like defect (two holes) that connects two internal organs or connects internal organs to the body surface
Hollow
The cavity left behind after visceral necrosis is liquefied and drained through natural channels
Mechanization and packaging
Granulation tissue growing into and replacing it is called organization, and granulation tissue surrounding it is called encapsulation.
Calcification
secondary dystrophic calcification
apoptosis
without inflammation
Programmed cell death, formation of apoptotic bodies