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2. Air and oxygen
An outline of the knowledge points of air and oxygen in Chemistry, including the production of oxygen, catalysts, and reactions. This mind map will help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge and enhance your memory. Students in need can save it.
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2. Air and oxygen
- DeepSeek User Guide Collection
In order to help everyone use DeepSeek more efficiently, a collection of DeepSeek guide mind map was specially compiled! This mind map summarizes the main contents: Yitu related links, DS profile analysis, comparison of DeepSeek and ChatGPT technology routes, DeepSeek and Qwen model deployment guide, how to make more money with DeepSeek, how to play DeepSeek, DeepSeek scientific research Application, how to import text from DeepSeek into MindMaster, the official recommendation of DeepSeek Wait, allowing you to quickly grasp the essence of AI interaction. Whether it is content creation, plan planning, code generation, or learning improvement, DeepSeek can help you achieve twice the result with half the effort!
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- Outline
air and oxygen
Air
composition
Nitrogen
78%
oxygen
twenty one%
Noble gases
0.94%
carbon dioxide
0.03%
Other gases and impurities
0.03%
Notice: ①Both are volume fractions ②Noble gases are not the gases with the lowest content ③The volume fraction of each component in the air may change slightly But it is generally relatively stable.
Purpose of each ingredient
Nitrogen
Filling bulbs to extend service life, anti-corrosion, protective gas, freezer, nitrogen fertilizer production
oxygen
Mountaineering, diving, medical, gas welding and other industries, can be used as rocket accelerant
Noble gases
Beacon lights, strong lights, flash lights, neon lights; helium-filled balloons
carbon dioxide
Common fire extinguishing agents; main raw materials for photosynthesis; manufacturing of dry ice and artificial rainfall
pollution and conservation
Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, respirable particulate matter (Particles with a diameter of less than or equal to 10 microns are called PM₁₀, also known as flying dust) and ozone
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the main pollutants that form acid rain, and carbon monoxide can easily poison people;
Carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect but is not an air pollutant.
Pure substances and mixtures
A substance that is a mixture of two or more substances is called a mixture
If a substance consists of only one substance, it is called a pure substance
If a substance consists of only one substance, it is called a pure substance
Notice: ①Each component in the mixture maintains its own chemical properties ②The ice-water mixture is a pure substance
Red phosphorus combustion experiment
question
How can we remove oxygen from the air?
Oxygen consumption No gas generation Gas pressure in the device decreases
Mercury Oxygen → (heated) mercury oxide
experiment
operate
Check the air tightness of the device
Put a small amount of water into the gas collecting bottle and mark it. and divide the space above the water surface into 5 equal parts
Tighten the spring clamp and add enough red phosphorus to the burning spoon
Ignite the red phosphorus, quickly insert the gas collection bottle, and tighten the stopper
After the reaction is completed, the device cools down before opening the spring clamp.
Phenomenon
Red phosphorus burns with a yellow flame, releasing heat and producing white smoke.
When the spring clamp is opened after cooling to room temperature, the water in the beaker is sucked back into the gas collecting bottle. Moreover, the volume of water entering accounts for about 1/5 of the total volume of air in the bottle.
in conclusion
Oxygen accounts for about 1/5 of the total volume of air
Determination of oxygen content in air
Experimental principle: Red phosphorus is used to burn oxygen in the air in a closed container. Reduce the pressure in the closed container. Under the action of atmospheric pressure, The volume of water entering the container is the reduced volume of oxygen.
Experimental phenomenon: Red phosphorus burns violently, producing a large amount of white smoke and releasing heat. After the device has completely cooled down, open the spring clamp and the beaker The reclaimed water is sucked back into the gas collecting bottle, accounting for about 10% of the gas collecting bottle. ¹/₅ of air volume.
Experimental conclusion: Oxygen accounts for about ¹/₅ of the volume of air.
Error analysis
Reasons for the small results
Insufficient amount of red phosphorus
The device is leaking (such as the bottle stopper is not tightly plugged, etc.), allowing outside air to enter the bottle.
Open the spring clip before cooling to room temperature to reduce the volume of water entering the bottle.
Reasons for the large results
After igniting the red phosphorus, when inserting the burning key, the cork was inserted too slowly. The air in the bottle expands due to heat and some of the air escapes
At the beginning of the experiment, there were no clamps or no spring clamps clamped
oxygen
nature
physics
Under normal temperature and standard atmospheric pressure, oxygen is a colorless and odorless gas. Denser than air and not easily soluble in water, it becomes Light blue liquid, turns into light blue snowflake-like solid at about -218°C.
Chemical
Provides breathing and supports combustion. Chemical properties are relatively active Put the wooden stick with sparks into oxygen, and the wooden stick will re-ignite. This phenomenon can be used to identify whether the gas is oxygen.
Check oxygen
Put the small wooden stick with sparks deep into the gas collecting bottle. If If the wood sticks re-ignite, it proves that the gas is oxygen.
Oxygen combustion-supporting test
burning of phosphorus
Air
Red phosphorus burns, yellow flame, Heat is released and white smoke is produced.
oxygen
Red phosphorus burns violently and emits white light, It releases a lot of heat and produces a lot of white smoke.
Water is added to absorb phosphorus pentoxide
Literal expression: red phosphorus oxygen → (ignite) phosphorus pentoxide Symbolic expression: P O₂→ (lit) P₂O₅ Chemical equation: 4P 5O₂= (ignite) 2P₂O₅
burning of carbon
Air
Charcoal glows red, releases heat, and generates energy that can clarify The gas that makes lime water turbid. (Carbon dioxide)
oxygen
The charcoal burns more violently and emits white light, Generate a large amount of heat and produce a large amount of clarified lime water A gas that becomes turbid (carbon dioxide)
Literal expression: carbon oxygen → (ignite) carbon dioxide Symbolic expression: C O₂→ (ignite) CO₂ Chemical equation: ① Full combustion: C O₂= (ignition) CO₂ ②Incomplete combustion: 2C O₂= (ignition) 2CO
burning of sulfur
Air
Sulfur burns in the air, emitting a faint light Blue flame, emitting heat to generate stinging Pungent smelling gas.
oxygen
Oxygen and sulfur burn violently in oxygen, emitting bright blue-violet flame, which emits a large amount of heat and generates a large amount of Pungent smelling gas (sulfur dioxide)
Add water: absorb sulfur dioxide and prevent air pollution.
Literal expression: sulfur oxygen → (ignite) sulfur dioxide Symbolic expression: S O₂→ (lit) SO₂ Chemical expression: S O₂ = (ignite) SO₂
burning of iron
Air
Iron wire can only be heated until red hot
oxygen
The iron wire burns violently in oxygen, sparks are emitted, and A large amount of heat generates a black solid. (ferric oxide)
Purpose
Tie a match to the end of the wire: ignite the wire
If the match is about to burn out, put it into the gas bottle to prevent the match from burning and consuming too much oxygen.
The wire is wound into a spiral: increasing the contact area
Water (sand): prevent high-temperature melt from splashing to the bottom of the bottle, The bottom of the bottle will be heated unevenly and burst.
Literal expression: iron oxygen → (ignite) ferric oxide Symbolic expression: Fe O₂→ (ignite) Fe₃O₄ Chemical equation: 3Fe 2O₂= (ignition) Fe₃O₄
Production of oxygen
Industrial oxygen production
a physical change
The basis for separating nitrogen and oxygen is their different boiling points.
Potassium permanganate to produce oxygen
principle
Text expression: KMnO₄→ (heating) potassium manganate manganese dioxide oxygen Symbolic expression: KMnO₄→(△)K₂MnO₄ MnO₂ O₂↑ Chemical equation: 2KMnO₄=(△)K₂MnO₄ MnO₂ O₂↑
The mouth of the test tube needs to be stuffed with cotton
Operation process: Check the installation and retract at the fixed point. The role of cotton: prevent potassium permanganate powder from entering the catheter, Block the duct. Notice: Point: The test tube is heated evenly Harvest: continuous and even Remove the catheter first and then extinguish the alcohol lamp
Potassium chlorate to produce oxygen
principle
Text expression: potassium chlorate → (manganese dioxide heating) potassium chloride oxygen Symbolic expression: KClO₃→(MnO₂△)KCl O₂↑
There is no need to plug cotton into the mouth of the test tube
hydrogen peroxide to oxygen
principle
Literal expression: hydrogen peroxide → (manganese dioxide) water oxygen Symbolic expression: H₂O₂→(MnO₂)H₂O O₂↑
Use an Erlenmeyer flask with a long-neck funnel (liquid seal) or a separatory funnel (without liquid seal).
Collect gas
Characteristics of gas collection using exhaust air method
The density of gas is much different from the density of air
Gases cannot react with components in the air
Denser than air: upward air exhaust method
Less dense than air: downward air exhaust method
Characteristics of gas collection using drainage method
Gas is insoluble in water
Gases cannot react with water
catalyst
definition
In a chemical reaction, the rate of the reaction can be changed, but its own mass and A substance whose chemical properties do not change before and after a reaction is called a catalyst
"One change": chemical reaction rate changes NOTE: Change the speed, may it be faster or slower
“Two unchanged”: the quality and chemical properties of the catalyst remain unchanged Note: The chemical properties remain unchanged, Physical properties (such as particle size, gaps, state, etc.) may change
①A substance can catalyze multiple reactions ②A reaction can have multiple catalysts, But different catalysts have different effects
reaction
oxidation reaction
The reaction between a substance and oxygen is called an oxidation reaction.
Basic reaction
chemical reaction
A reaction in which two or more substances produce another substance. (Multiple Changes One)
decomposition reaction
A reaction in which one substance produces two or more other substances. (One becomes many)