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perception

Psychological perception, perception is generated on the basis of sensation. It is the response of the human brain to the objective things and overall attributes that directly act on the sensory organs. The introduction is detailed, students in need can save it.

Edited at 2024-11-28 23:27:17

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perception

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Outline

perception

concept of perception

Perception is generated on the basis of sensation. It is the response of the human brain to the objective things and overall attributes that directly act on the sensory organs.

perceptual process

perceive, distinguish, confirm

Bottom-up and top-down processing in perception

Bottom-up processing is also called data-driven processing

It is the characteristic processing of stimuli that directly act on the senses.

Top-down processing is also called concept-driven processing

The processing of information already stored in the mind by the perceptual system

The relationship between top-down processing and top-down processing

Two types of processing in different directions are combined to form a unified perceptual process. Under good perceptual conditions, bottom-up processing is mainly used. As conditions worsen, more and more top-down processes are involved. In the early stages of perception, bottom-up processing plays a major role. In the post-primary stage of perception, top-down processing plays a major role. effect

basic characteristics of perception

Perceptual selectivity

The property of preferentially distinguishing the object of perception from the background

Factors affecting perceptual selection

objective factors

Effect of absolute intensity of stimulus

the difference between object and background,

object activity

Novelty and Strangeness of Stimuli

Subjective factors

Does perception have a purpose and task?

Extensive knowledge and experience

Personal feelings, motivations, interests, hobbies, stereotypes and emotional states

the wholeness of perception

The human perceptual system integrates the individual attributes and individual parts of objective things that directly act on the senses into a unified whole.

I just feel that this kind of integration is inseparable from the characteristics of the individual components that make up the whole, and our perception of individual components depends on the overall characteristics of the thing.

overall priority

People perceive the whole better than individual components

Global level processing is better than local level processing

Influencing factors

Characteristics of perceptual objects

The intensity relationship between the components of an object

The structural relationship between the parts of the perceptual object also affects the integrity of the perception

The integrity of perception depends on the subjective state of the perceiver, the most important of which is knowledge and experience. When the information provided by the perceptual object is insufficient, the perceiver always supplements the current perception with past knowledge and experience.

perceptual intelligibility

Based on knowledge and experience, people process sensory things, summarize them with words, and give explanations.

Understanding the three important functions of perception

Comprehension helps separate objects from background, making perception clearer and more accurate

Understand, help people perceive things as a whole

Understanding also produces perceptions, expectations and predictions

perceptual constancy

The objective things themselves remain unchanged. When the perceptual conditions change within a certain range, the human perceptual image remains relatively unchanged.

Types of constancy

shape constancy

size constancy

lightness constancy

color constancy

types of perception

According to the characteristics of the senses dominant at the time of perception

visual perception

hearing perception

olfactory perception

taste perception

touch perception

Depending on the nature of the perceived object

object perception

social perception

According to the characteristics of things recognized by the human brain

spatial perception

shape perception

feature bundling problem

How does the human brain unite different features?

In feature integration, attention plays a very important role

size perception

The size of the retinal image is subject to the law of geometric projection. The same thing at a far distance will be imaged on the retina at a small distance, and the same thing at a close distance will be imaged at a larger size on the retina.

The size of the retinal image is directly proportional to the size of the object and inversely proportional to the distance

a＝A/D

A refers to the size of the retinal image. a refers to the size of the object. d refers to the distance between the perceived object and the eye.

depth perception

Muscle cues, also called physiological cues

adjust

The shape of the lens changes due to distance

convergence

The eye's visual axis converges on the object being looked at as the distance changes

monocular cues

Objects overlap, also called occlusion

line perspective

Two parallel lines extending into the distance appear to be approaching each other

relative height

Texture gradient, also called structural gradient

The projection size and projection density of objects in the visual field on the retina change in layers

Motion Parallax and Motion Perspective

motion parallax

When an observer moves relative to objects in the surrounding environment, objects at different distances will have differences in movement speed and direction. Generally speaking, nearby objects appear to be moving in the fastest direction, while distant objects appear to be moving slower and in the same direction.

motion perspective

When the observer moves forward, the scenery in the field of view will also continue to move. Nearby objects flow at a high speed, while distant objects flow at a slow speed.

Binocular cues are also called binocular disparity

People's perception of the distance and depth of objects mainly depends on the clues provided by the eyes.

When the line of sight falls on a non-corresponding part of the retina, and the difference is not significant, depth and distance will still be seen.

The three-dimensional movies we see in the cinema are made based on this principle.

Binocular cues play a greater role in judging depth and distance than monocular cues

Orientation perception

Perception of the spatial relationship position of objects and the spatial position of the body itself

time perception

We perceive the continuity and sequence of objective things or events

temporal perception

Able to distinguish the sequence of events

time distance perception

Ability to estimate the duration of an event

empty time interval

The start and end time of an event

real time distance

A certain time interval contains a continuous event

Time point intuition is also called confirmation of time

The specific time when an event occurred

Influencing factors

The nature of the sensory channels. In terms of the accuracy of judging time, hearing is the best, touch is second, and vision is poor.

The number and nature of events occurring within a certain period of time

people's interests and emotions

motion perception

Human perception of spatial displacement and motion characteristics of objects

kinesthetic perception

Perception caused by the continuous displacement of an object from one place to another at a specific speed or acceleration

kinesthetic perception

Seeing motion between stationary objects or seeing continuous motion where there is no continuous displacement

Dynamic movement is also called optimal movement or phi movement

When two stimuli are presented one after another at a certain spatial interval, we see the continuous movement of one stimulus towards the other, such as movies, TV, and event commercials.

induced movement

Due to the movement of one object, an adjacent stationary object moves

Voluntary movement is also called swimming effect

When the human eye stares at a fixed dot for a long time, it is found that the light point moves erratically

exercise aftereffects

After looking at an object moving in a certain direction, if you turn your gaze to a stationary object, you will see that the stationary object seems to be moving in the opposite direction.

organizing principle of perception

proximity principle

People tend to perceive stimuli that are adjacent or similar in time or space as a whole in the visual field. This is because when the discriminative characteristics between stimuli are not obvious, people often rely on existing knowledge in the perception process. Experience seeks relationships between stimuli to gain logical or meaningful knowledge and experience

similarity principle

People tend to group stimuli with the same or similar physical properties such as size, shape, color, brightness, etc. together to form a whole

principle of continuity

There is no continuous relationship between perceptual objects and the tendency to be viewed as a whole

closure principle

Tends to aggregate features in graphic stimuli into a continuous and complete shape, even if there are gaps in the process.

good graphics principles

Simple rules of left and right, symmetrical graphics are easily perceived as a whole

Same domain principle

Ren Qingxiang combines stimuli from the same zone or area to form a complete shape

illusion

Illusions of size, shape and direction, sometimes collectively called geometric illusions

As long as the conditions that produce the illusion exist, the illusion will occur and cannot be corrected through subjective efforts. There is no individual difference in the illusion.

size illusion

Müller-Leye illusion also called arrow illusion

The Panzo illusion is also called the railroad track illusion.

vertical horizontal illusion

Jastrow's illusion

Dolboyev illusion

moon illusion

Shape and Orientation Illusions

Zolla Illusion

Wundt illusion

Einstein illusion

Boggendorff illusion

Spiral and motion illusion

spiral illusion

motion illusion

The light-dark illusion is also called the Hermann grid or the grid illusion.

Grider's Spark Illusion