MindMap Gallery Chapter 6 Logistics Management (Intermediate Economist's Business Management Professional Knowledge and Practice Notes)
The content comes from the official textbook for intermediate economists "Professional Knowledge and Practice of Business Administration" (2024). I spent almost a month organizing the notes and straightening out the logical relationships (mainly referring to Teacher Zheng Wei from Yun Private School and Teacher Sun Jing from Global). I spent two days reviewing before the exam. I didn't study the set questions because I didn't have enough time. I just studied based on my own study habits. It took me two and a half months to read the two official textbooks: Economic Fundamentals and Business Administration. Business Administration came last. When I finished reading, there were only 7 days left before the exam. I spent two days writing down my notes before the exam. Go through it again (about 20 hours, you must be at full strength), and all the questions you will encounter in the exam will be included in your notes! ! But there were several questions that I didn’t remember well, which was so uncomfortable! Give me two more days to review my notes, and I am confident that I can reach 130! It is recommended that students preparing for the exam can directly use this template as a basis and make appropriate adjustments based on next year's new textbook content. This can greatly save time (I have been typing on the computer almost every day for more than two months, and my eyes are almost blind. (very affected the learning status), this year’s teaching materials mainly changed in the company legal person part, and it is expected that there will not be much change next year. If conditions permit, it is recommended to cut the notes into several parts in A4 size and print them on one side so that they can be easily read. At the same time, make casual notes on the unprinted area on the other side. By the Way, all the notes did not draw coordinate diagrams. I am not very good at using a computer to draw curve diagrams. I printed them out and then drew them manually.
Edited at 2024-11-28 16:49:21CBT cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, psychological counseling, CBT basic concept: ideas determine emotions, experience determines ideas, experience requires comparison to be meaningful, and there are individual differences in experience.
Psychological perception, perception is generated on the basis of sensation. It is the response of the human brain to the objective things and overall attributes that directly act on the sensory organs. The introduction is detailed, students in need can save it.
心理學知覺,知覺在感覺的基礎上產生它是人腦對直接作用於感覺器官的客觀事物,整體屬性的反應。介紹詳細,有需要的同學,可以收藏喲。
CBT cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, psychological counseling, CBT basic concept: ideas determine emotions, experience determines ideas, experience requires comparison to be meaningful, and there are individual differences in experience.
Psychological perception, perception is generated on the basis of sensation. It is the response of the human brain to the objective things and overall attributes that directly act on the sensory organs. The introduction is detailed, students in need can save it.
心理學知覺,知覺在感覺的基礎上產生它是人腦對直接作用於感覺器官的客觀事物,整體屬性的反應。介紹詳細,有需要的同學,可以收藏喲。
Chapter 6 Logistics management
Examination
Non-key chapters, 7-9 points, no case analysis, new content
Overview of Logistics and Logistics Management
logistics
1. Refers to the process of organically combining transportation, storage, loading and unloading, packaging, circulation processing, distribution, information processing and other basic functions according to actual needs, so that items can physically flow from the supply place to the receiving place.
2.Meaning
① Logistics services are commodities
②Logistics activities are productive service activities
③Logistics activities create value
time value and space value
3. Logistics is the physical flow of things, ultimately serving users
It is not simply the movement of goods from the place of production to the place of consumption.
4. Function
transportation
Realizing the movement of "things" from the supply place to the receiving place [creating spatial value]
store
Eliminate the time difference between production and consumption [Create time value]
Loading and unloading
Frequently seen in logistics activities
Package
The end point of production is also the starting point of logistics
Distribution processing
Make items undergo physical or chemical changes to increase service functions and added value of logistics objects [For example: cleaning and cutting vegetables before delivery to ensure quality]
Delivery
Deliver to the designated location on time according to customer requirements
information processing
Collect and process information generated in all aspects of logistics activities [Such as “barcode on each package]
Logistics management
1. In order to achieve the established goals, plan, organize, coordinate and control related logistics activities starting from the entire logistics process.
2.Essence
Reduce logistics costs and improve logistics efficiency and effectiveness
3.Connotation
①Customer satisfaction is the starting point of logistics management
②Logistics management aims at optimizing the overall logistics
③ Pay equal attention to economic benefits and social benefits
④Logistics management takes information as the core
4.Content
Management of activities, management of elements, management of functions [omitted]
5. Green logistics
①Concentrate resources
The essential content of green logistics
②Green transportation
③Green warehousing
④Green packaging
⑤Reverse logistics
Logistics activities caused by the movement of items from downstream to upstream in the supply chain caused by returns, product recalls, waste recycling, etc.
Tip
The core goal of green logistics is to reduce the impact of logistics activities on the environment
Green logistics is symbiotic logistics and circular logistics
6. Third-party logistics
Also known as contract logistics
value
① Reduce costs
Convert enterprise fixed costs into variable costs
②Improve customer service level and quality
③Avoid risks
Enterprises organize and operate their own logistics and face investment risks and inventory risks. Using third-party logistics can speed up inventory flow, reduce safety stocks, and reduce corporate risks.
④Improve competitiveness
You can focus on your main business and leave professional matters to professionals.
⑤ Enhance social value
Conducive to the integration of social resources
supply chain manage
1. Supply chain: refers to the process of production and circulation, focusing on core enterprises, through the control of information flow, logistics, and capital flow, starting from the purchase of raw materials, making intermediate products and final products, and finally sending the products to consumers through the sales network In the hands of the operator, the functional network chain structure connects suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and end users into an overall functional network chain structure.
2. Supply chain characteristics
①Node enterprises in the supply chain have supply and demand relationships and logistics synchronization relationships.
②The supply chain is a logistics chain, information chain, capital chain, and value-added chain
③An effective supply chain enables all participants to benefit from and share risks through information analysis, information sharing, and business commonization.
④The supply chain is a network structure integrating several supply chains [An enterprise can be a member of one supply chain or another supply chain, forming a cross-network structure]
3. “Bullwhip Effect”
Also known as the amplification effect, it refers to the phenomenon that enterprises at each node in the supply chain only make production or supply decisions based on the demand information of downstream enterprises, resulting in the gradual amplification of demand information. [Actually, there are only 50 apples, but in the end, there are 500 apples]
Due to the amplification effect, upstream companies tend to maintain higher inventory levels than downstream companies
4. Supply chain management: refers to the activities and processes of unified planning, organization, coordination, and control of the business flow, logistics, information flow, and capital flow in each link of the supply chain including procurement, production, and sales based on the overall goal of the supply chain [ Logistics management is part of supply chain management]
5. The essence of supply chain management: delivering the right products required by customers to the right place at the right time, in the right quantity, right quality and right state, while minimizing the total cost.
6. Basic concepts of supply chain management
① Emphasis on cooperation between enterprises
②It is an integrated management model
For example: Wal-Mart uses advanced information systems to integrate procurement, inventory, sales and logistics to improve the overall efficiency of the supply chain.
③ Focus on customers and final consumers
Packaging, loading, unloading, handling and distribution processing
Package
Function
①Protection function
②Convenient functions
Convenient for managers to identify and access, such as "fragile" markings
③Sales function
stimulate purchasing desire
Classification
According to packaging purpose
①Industrial packaging (convenient for transportation); ②Commercial packaging (stimulating purchase)
According to the scope of application
①Special packaging; ②General packaging
By number of uses
① Single use packaging; ② Multiple use packaging; ③ Turnover packaging
Material
① Paper packaging; ② Plastic packaging; ③ Metal packaging; ④ Glass function; ⑤ Composite packaging
Techniques and Methods
General techniques and methods
Common packaging technology methods, just answer the questions with common sense!
Special techniques and methods
Special packaging, mainly shatterproof (buffering), moisture-proof, rust-proof, and mildew-proof
operate
①Filling
Divided into: loading (putting it in), filling (fragile items are filled with foam), and filling (drinks are put into cans and capped)
②Sealing and bundling
③Wrap
④Standard addition and check weighing
Containerized packaging
Form: ① container; ② container bag; ③ bundle; ④ frame container
Loading and unloading
It is the most frequently occurring work activity
It is the main link where goods are damaged, lost, and consumed.
Features
①Large workload and complex objects
②Unbalanced work
The demand is large during the promotion period and small during the off-season.
③High safety requirements
Safety regulations must be strictly followed when handling toxic or flammable and explosive materials
④The work is associated with start and finish
Loading, unloading and handling operations throughout the production process
method
Transport objects by loading and unloading
①Single piece operation method
Loading and unloading items one by one, such as valuables
② Consolidation operation method
Such as using pallets, containers, etc. for consolidation
③Bulk operation method
Such as coal, cement, salt, etc.
By means and organizational level
① Manual operation method
Completely human
②Mechanical operation method
Mechanical handling
③ Comprehensive mechanized operation method
Automated means control
According to equipment operating characteristics
①Intermittent operation method
Such as gantry and bridge crane operations, there is an idle preparation process in the two operations
②Continuous operation method
Such as belt conveyor
active
Loading, unloading and handling activity index: refers to the convenience or difficulty of loading, unloading and handling of goods in the logistics process [easy to move]
The larger the index: the higher the activity and the easier it is to load, unload and carry
grade
Level 0
The state of goods scattered on the ground
Level 1
The state of goods after being packed or bundled
Level 2
After being packed or bundled, sleepers or other pads are placed underneath to facilitate the operation of forklifts or other machinery.
Level 3
It is placed on a trolley or hooked with a crane hook, and can be moved immediately.
Level 4
The unloading and transportation of goods has been started and is in a state of direct operation.
average activity index
<0.5
Most are in a scattered state
Use bins, carts and other methods to store materials to improve
(0.5,1.3)
Most are in a containerized state
Use forklifts and power trucks to improve
(1.3, 2.3)
Most are in a state of activity index 2
Improved unitized continuous loading, unloading and handling
>2.3
Most are in a state of activity index 3
Adopt trailer and locomotive front towing method
Distribution processing
The difference between circulation processing and production processing
①Different processing objects
Circulation: Commodities entering the circulation field have commodity attributes.
Production: raw materials, components or semi-finished products
②Different processing depths
Circulation: simple processing
Production: complex, deep processing
③Different responsible persons
Circulation: Responsible and organized by the circulation enterprise for the purpose of meeting consumer requirements
Production: With the production enterprise as the responsible person and organizer, it meets the product design and processing technology requirements
④Different added value
Circulation: improve the use value of goods, do not make major changes to processing objects, and increase the value of goods
Production: creating the value and use value of goods
form
① Distribution processing for the purpose of preserving goods
Production materials circulation and processing
Mainly to preserve the use value of goods [such as metal rust prevention, rust removal processing]
Consumer goods distribution and processing
Mainly to ensure product quality [such as frozen processing of fruits and vegetables]
② Distribution processing to improve product utilization
[For example, centralized cutting, processing and cutting of steel materials can save 20% compared with scattered cutting]
③Circulation and processing to facilitate consumption and meet user needs
[Such as stretching and shearing processing of steel coils, opening processing of flat glass according to required specifications, etc.]
④Circulation processing to improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics losses
[If the bicycle is sold directly after assembly at the place of consumption, avoid transportation damage]
Warehousing and Inventory Management
warehousing
1. Refers to the activities of using warehouse and related facilities and equipment to carry out the warehousing, storage and outgoing of items.
2. Function
①Adjustment function
Regulate production and consumption; regulate transportation
② Storage and inspection function
③Distribution function
Warehousing activities gather the products of manufacturing enterprises to form a scale and distribute them to customers with different needs according to needs.
④Customer service function
Today’s warehousing has long exceeded the function of storage
⑤Risk prevention function
For example, pharmacies reserve a large amount of masks and disinfectant in advance to cope with the sudden epidemic.
3. Warehouse rationalization
Refers to the most economical way to realize the warehousing function
Implementation points
①Category management of stored items
ABC classification management method
②Adopt first-in-first-out method
Improve cargo turnover rate
③Increase storage density and effectively utilize warehouse capacity
Such as: three-dimensional warehouse
④Fast in and fast out
4. Warehousing facilities
storehouse
Warehouses are the most common storage facilities
Classification
According to storage conditions
Ordinary warehouse
Insulation, refrigeration, constant temperature and humidity warehouse
Special warehouse
Store dangerous goods and combat readiness materials
Controlled atmosphere warehouse
For example, a warehouse that can regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations during fruit storage
According to the degree of closure
closed warehouse
Semi-enclosed cargo shed
open-air storage yard
According to operation method
Automated warehouse
Non-automated warehouse
According to the scope of application
Self-use warehouse
Business warehouse
Usually built in places with relatively concentrated customers and convenient transportation
public warehouse
shelves
Storage equipment specifically used to store finished goods
The most basic function
Effectively utilize space while protecting merchandise
Calculation formula
Number of shelves = total weight of stored goods ÷ (shelf volume × volume coefficient when the shelf is full of the product × unit mass of the product)
unit change
Number of shelves =t÷(m³×100%×t/m³)
[Understanding] The volume coefficient is 60%, that is, each shelf has 60% of the space to store goods.
tray
Refers to a device that serves as a load-bearing surface and includes auxiliary structural parts on the load-bearing surface when items are organized into cargo units during transportation, handling and storage.
Size standard
internationality
1200mm×800mm
our country
1200mm×1000mm (recommended first)
1100mm×1100mm
Usage principles
Use common sense to answer the questions!
Calculation formula
Number of pallets = number of goods entering and exiting per unit time × average pallet usage cycle × (1 average loading rate) ÷ loading capacity of each pallet
unit change
[pieces/h×h×(1%)]÷pieces/piece
5.Commodity warehousing operation management
Warehouse storage planning
That is to determine the allocation principle of warehouse cargo space and form a storage strategy
Principles of cargo space allocation
Principle based on turnover rate
The one with high turnover rate is close to the entrance and exit.
Product Relevance Principle
Put together the most relevant ones
commodity identity principle
Put the same products together
product similarity principle
Place similar ones next to each other
commodity substitutability principle
Place those with high substitution in adjacent positions
Product compatibility principle
Incompatible items can definitely be put together to avoid damage.
first in first out principle
storage strategy
① Positioning storage strategy
Each commodity has a fixed storage space
Excellent: Familiar pickers, shortened transportation distance, small impact between products
Disadvantage: low storage space utilization
②Random storage strategy
The cargo space of the goods is not fixed, and the storage space is randomly allocated.
Excellent: high storage space utilization
Disadvantage: Difficulty in shipping
③Categorized storage strategy
Partition storage by commodity relevancy, liquidity, size, weight or characteristics
Good: Helps with product management
Missing: It must be designed according to the maximum inventory quantity of the product, and the storage space utilization rate is small.
④Classified random storage strategy
Stored in categories, but randomly assigned to each slot
Advantages: Helps in product management and improves space utilization
Disadvantage: A large workload of inbound and outbound management and inventory
Product warehousing process
① Warehouse acceptance
②Inbound stacking
6. Product maintenance management
Commodity storage loss form
①Natural wear and tear
② Abnormal loss
Maintenance method
① Natural ventilation; ② Sealing; ③ Dehumidification (dehumidification by cooling method, dehumidification by hygroscopic agent)
7. Inventory management of goods
Inventory purpose
Find out the actual inventory, help companies calculate asset profits and losses and discover problems in the warehouse
Inventory method
①Accounting
Also known as a perpetual inventory, that is, based on the vouchers, the book balances of various commodities are settled at any time by registering them day by day.
②Spot inventory
Also known as physical inventory, it means actually going to the warehouse to count and calculating the actual inventory amount based on the unit price of the goods.
8. Goods out-of-warehouse management
Require
Three no’s, three verifications, and five inspections
Three no's
Accounts will not be turned over for unaccepted documents, goods will not be prepared without review, and orders will not be shipped out of the warehouse without review.
triple core
When shipping, verify the vouchers, account cards, and physical objects.
Five checks
Documents and physical objects must be inspected for product name, specifications, packaging, number of pieces, and weight.
Inventory management
1. Inventory: refers to the storage of items that are in a standby or non-production state for future use according to the intended purpose.
Broadly speaking: also includes items in manufacturing, processing and transportation states
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Inventory
Use common sense to answer the questions!
3.Inventory classification
by function
Turnover inventory
Also known as cycle inventory, the purpose is to meet the necessary inventory formed by the average demand during the replenishment and ordering periods.
safety stock
Also known as buffer stock, it is an inventory established to deal with uncertainties and prevent unexpected situations.
Inventory in transit
Refers to items that are in a state of transport or temporarily in storage for the purpose of transport
Adjust inventory
Also known as seasonal inventory, inventory held to avoid seasonal fluctuations
speculative stocks
Also known as barrier inventory, inventory established to avoid losses caused by rising prices or to profit from rising prices [hoarding]
According to demand characteristics
independent demand inventory
The demand for a certain item is not affected by other types of items
Related demand inventory
The demand for a certain item is directly dependent on other types of items, such as bicycle wheels and bicycles
According to the production stage
Raw material inventory
Work in progress inventory
Finished goods inventory
4. Inventory management objectives
focus
Determine how to order, how much to order and when to order
core
Inventory control (focusing on the control of rotating inventory)
5. Basic methods of inventory control
quantitative inventory control method
It means that when the inventory drops to a certain level (ordering point), the order will be made according to the fixed order quantity.
Features
①The inventory cycle is uncertain
②The order quantity is usually fixed
③The ordering time is not fixed and depends on changes in demand
④The order lead time remains basically unchanged
Order point calculation
Ordering point = Average daily demand × Preparation time Safety stock
Order batch calculation
The order quantity with the smallest total inventory cost is called the economic order quantity EOQ
The EOQ model only considers two types of costs: inventory holding costs and ordering costs.
Total inventory cost = total purchase price, inventory holding cost, ordering cost
advantage
① Easy management; ② Each order quantity is determined, making it easy to arrange operations in the warehouse; ③Easy to order in bulk according to economical ordering, saving total inventory costs
shortcoming
① It is inconvenient to strictly manage inventory; ② The various plans for ordering money are relatively complicated
Periodic Inventory Control Act
Features
① Each order quantity usually changes, order quantity = target storage level - inventory at the time of inspection
②The order interval is fixed
Order interval calculation
The ordering interval that minimizes the total inventory cost is called the economic ordering interval
formula
The price-performance ratio is too low, so don’t forget it!
Order batch calculation
Order quantity = maximum inventory quantity - inventory balance - inventory in transit
advantage
① Handle multiple orders at one time, with low order fees; ② The amount of one order is large, so it is easy to get discounts; ③There is no need to strictly track inventory changes and reduce the number of registrations and inventory counts
shortcoming
① Regardless of the inventory level, orders are issued on schedule, and the order quantity may be very small; ②Higher safety stock requirements
Pareto method (ABC inventory classification management method)
Transportation and Distribution Management
transportation
transportation utility
①Space utility
②Time utility
That is to say, it has a certain storage function and can delay items from a moment of low utility value to a moment of high value before entering the consumption stage.
transportation system
1. Refers to an organic whole with specific transportation functions consisting of the interaction, interdependence and mutual constraints of the infrastructure, transportation tools and transportation participants required for the transportation process within a certain time and space.
Components
①Transportation route
②Transportation means
Only provides power: railway locomotives, tractors, tugboats, etc.
No power, but with loading capacity: wagons, trailers, containers
Both and there: ships, cars, planes
③Transportation participants
Shipper, carrier, freight forwarder, transportation broker (middleman)
④Transportation node
Terminals, freight stations, parking lots, etc.
Business style
Self-operated transportation
Advantages: Improve service and reduce costs
Shortcomings: High return rate of empty trucks, high freight technology requirements, large capital occupation, and high risk taking
Transportation outsourcing
Advantages: Reduce investment and management burden
Shortage: Weakened transportation control, associated business risks
choose
Choose whichever one is cheaper!
When the self-operated transportation rate is >80%, self-operated transportation is cheaper
When the transportation volume is large, it is cheaper to operate it yourself
When funds are scarce, choose outsourcing
Transportation method
rail transport
Vehicle transportation
Transport bulk cargo
LTL shipping
Transporting small quantities of sporadic goods
Container transportation
Transport precision, valuable and fragile goods
Long-distance and bulk cargo
road transport
Small volume, short distance freight
water transport
Among the five modes of transportation, water transportation is the slowest and cheapest, but has the largest transportation volume.
Special use for international ocean shipping
Bulk cargo and heavier cargo without time limit
air transport
Minimum transportation volume
Light, valuable, urgently needed goods
Pipeline transportation
Liquid, gas, powder, granular
Distribution management
1. Distribution: refers to logistics activities that classify, select, collect, package, assemble, etc. items according to customer requirements, and deliver them to designated locations on time.
2. Distribution covers almost all elements and functions in logistics, and is a microcosm of logistics or the embodiment of all logistics activities within a certain range.
3. Delivery type
According to organizational form
Centralized distribution
co-delivery
Decentralized distribution
By type and quantity
Bulk delivery of single (small) varieties
Multiple varieties, small batches and multiple batches delivery
Complete set of supporting delivery
by time and quantity
Scheduled delivery
Quantitative distribution
Regular and quantitative delivery
Scheduled route delivery
Instant delivery
4. Distribution center
Classification
Attribution by facility
Free distribution center
Public distribution center
Cooperative distribution center
By service object
Distribution center for end consumers
Distribution center for manufacturing companies
Distribution centers for retailers
By operating entity
A distribution center with manufacturers as the main operating body
Distribution center with wholesalers as the main operating body
Distribution center with retailers as the main operating body
Distribution center with warehousing and transportation companies as the main operating body
Work process
① Order processing → ② Incoming goods → ③ Classification → ④ Storage → ⑤ Sorting → ⑥ Distribution → ⑦ Assembling → ⑧ Delivery
Sorting strategy
① Sorting according to order
Also known as "fruit picking" sorting
②Batch sorting
Also known as "seeding" sorting
③Single person sorting
④ Sorting by division