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Instrumental Analysis 002
This is a mind map about instrument analysis 002, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, infrared absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, chromatographic analysis, etc.
Edited at 2024-11-28 10:15:42
- Instrumental Analysis 002
This is a mind map about instrument analysis 002, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, infrared absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, chromatographic analysis, etc.
- 工程結算審計工作流程
這是一篇關於工程結算審計工作流程的思維導圖，主要內容包括：審計後續工作，審計報告的提交與反饋，準備審計報告，審核工程結算書，審核合約變更與索賠，審核成本與費用，審核工程量，初步了解專案。
- Project settlement audit workflow
This is a mind map about the workflow of project settlement audit. The main contents include: audit follow-up work, submission and feedback of audit report, preparation of audit report, review of project settlement document, review of contract changes and claims, review of costs and expenses, Review the engineering quantities and get a preliminary understanding of the project.
Instrumental Analysis 002
- Instrumental Analysis 002
This is a mind map about instrument analysis 002, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, infrared absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, chromatographic analysis, etc.
- 工程結算審計工作流程
這是一篇關於工程結算審計工作流程的思維導圖，主要內容包括：審計後續工作，審計報告的提交與反饋，準備審計報告，審核工程結算書，審核合約變更與索賠，審核成本與費用，審核工程量，初步了解專案。
- Project settlement audit workflow
This is a mind map about the workflow of project settlement audit. The main contents include: audit follow-up work, submission and feedback of audit report, preparation of audit report, review of project settlement document, review of contract changes and claims, review of costs and expenses, Review the engineering quantities and get a preliminary understanding of the project.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Instrumental analysis
UV-visible spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry
Qualitative, quantitative
UV-Vis
Can identify organic and inorganic substances
Selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation by matter
Reflect internal differences in molecular structure
form an absorption band
curve
absorption curve
working curve
①
Electronic (absorption) spectrum
band spectrum
absorption spectrum
molecular spectrum
Classification
Visible spectrophotometry (400-760nm)
organic molecules with long conjugated structures
Colored inorganic molecules
UV spectrophotometry (200-400nm)
Organic compounds with conjugated systems
aromatic compounds
the term
Auxiliary chromophore
p-π conjugation
电子离域
Let the chromophore, λ↑, ε↑
Heteroatom containing n electrons Saturated group
No near UV absorption
wavelength shift
Redshift (long shift)
Blue shift (purple shift, short shift)
Absorption intensity ε
Additive/subtractive color effect
strong band and weak band
Absorption spectrum (absorption curve)
UV absorption spectrum of organic matter indicates solvent
Basis for quantitative analysis
For solutions of different concentrations, λmax remains unchanged, and the concentration is proportional to the peak value.
Chromophore (Chromophore)
Absorption band type
Electronic transition type
Valence electrons in outer shell of molecule
①σ→σ'
<150nm, in the far ultraviolet region
No absorption in the range of 200-400nm
single bond saturated organic compound
C-C, C-H
Energy △Emax
②n→σ'
heteroatoms
terminal absorption
near ultraviolet region
③π→π'
K belt
unsaturated group
Conjugated system ↑, λₘₐₓ↑, A↑
Binding power↓
After conjugation ＞200nm
Strong absorption, ε>10⁴
① Solvent polarity ↑, λ ↑
Orbital polarity: excited state > ground state
④n→π'
R belt
unsaturated group of heteroatom
lone pair of electrons
①
②λ↓
n electrons form hydrogen bonds with polar solvents
③200-400nm
Weak absorption, ε<10²
B belt
aromatic ring
long λ
E-belt
E₁band
180nm, ε>10⁴
E₂ belt
Generally <210nm
The chromophore is attached to the benzene ring and forms conjugation. The E₂ band is red-shifted >210nm→K band.
Strong band absorption
Influencing factors
solvent effect
Solvent selection
polarity
High purity
Cutoff wavelength＜λₘₐₓ
steric hindrance
↑
λₘₐₓ、εₘₐₓ↓
cross-ring effect
Effect of system pH
eg phenol
Acidic lambda < alkaline
Calculation problem
light absorption
①
Light transmittance T＝I／I₀
I transmitted light intensity, I₀ incident light intensity
Absorbance A＝-lgT＝lgI₀／I
Lambert's law
The concentration is constant, A∝l (liquid layer thickness)
Beer's Law
A∝c
Concentrationc
light absorption law
A＝Elc
Establishment conditions
dilute homogeneous solution
monochromatic light
parallel light
Additivity of absorbance is the basis for photometric measurement of mixed components
Solution thickness: l (cm)
Absorption coefficient E
A＝εlc
Molar absorption coefficient ε L/mol·cm
c：mol/L
A=Elc
Percent absorption coefficient E 1% 1cm
c：g/100ml
physical meaning
Characteristic constants under specific conditions
Estimation of sensitivity of quantitative analysis and basis for qualitative analysis
E↑, material’s ability to absorb light↑, quantitative measurement sensitivity↑
Photometric error
Factors deviating from Lambert-Beer's law Main reasons
Chemical
concentration
A premise for the application of Beer's law: dilute solution, C≤0.0.1M
pH
Optics
non-monochromatic light
①Select λₘₐₓ as the measurement wavelength
② Try to avoid using sharp absorption wavelengths
stray light
Positive/negative deviation
Scattered light and reflected light
solution small particles
Blank control test
T↓, A↑, absorption spectrum deformation
non-parallel light
Light transmittance measurement error
Instrument noise
When the light transmittance is 65%-20% and A=0.2~0.7, the relative concentration error is small.
Spectrophotometer
Main components
①Light source
UV: Deuterium lamp
The ideal light source can provide continuous radiation, and the light intensity must be stable and large enough
②Monochromator
The slit width directly affects the quality of monochromatic light
Quantitative analysis
Larger width
Luminous flux↑
Qualitative analysis
smaller
Monochromaticity↑
③Absorption pool
Hold the test solution
Compatibility of sample cell and reference cell
consistent thickness
Difference in light transmittance <0.5%
④Detector
Photocell (Type 722)
Commonly used
photomultiplier tube
⑤Signal processing and display system
Digital Voltmeter (Model 722)
type
single wavelength
single beam
moving error
double beam
Two alternating beams of light pass through the sample cell and the reference cell respectively.
Get twice the result with half the effort
dual wavelength
Features
Suitable for multi-component mixed samples
Eliminate errors caused by interference and absorption cell mismatch
full wavelength
DAD
Selection of UV-Vis analysis conditions
wavelength
Solvent for measurement
Interference, solubility, toxicity
reference solution
Solvent reference
Reagent reference
To measure the Fe content in water, first oxidize divalent Fe and use the reagents
Sample reference
There are other substances in the sample that interfere with the measurement.
Selection of absorbance reading range
⑤
color reaction
Measured component Quantitative transformation ➩Colored compounds
type
Coordination reaction (main)
redox reaction
Colorimetry
①High sensitivity and simplicity
The method for measuring colored solutions that absorb visible light is often called visible spectrophotometry.
②Clear quantitative relationships
③The product has good stability
④Good selectivity
⑤The color developer has no obvious absorption at the measurement wavelength, and the difference (contrast) with the maximum absorption wavelength of the colored substance, λ>60nm
Selection of color development conditions
Too much developer
solution pH
Color development time
temperature
Solvent
elimination of interference
application
Qualitative identification (comparative method)
The absorption spectrum is characteristic
The spectra of the same substance should be completely consistent under the same measurement conditions.
②
Purity check
Peak position
No overlap
overlapping
Additivity
Impurity Limit Determination
Quantitative analysis
Single component quantitative method
Absorption coefficient method (absolute method)
A＝Ecl
Standard curve method (working curve method)
Prepare a standard song: 5-7 points
Same conditions
A＝ac＋b
standard control method
Cᵢ/C control=Aᵢ/A control
multi-component
structural analysis
Infrared absorption spectrometry
Overview
Infrared light (0.76-1000μm)
near infrared
Mid-infrared (2.5-25μm)
The most widely used and mature
Organic functional group fundamental frequency peak absorption peak
far infrared
rotation spectrum
contrast
IR
almost all compounds
gas liquid solid
UV-Vis
Infrared spectrum representation method
T-σ curve
σ=1/λ
“Troughs” are absorption peaks in IR
Description of IR spectrum
three elements
Absorption peak peak position
Basic vibration frequency (peak position) formula
Molecular vibration equation (Hooke's law)
Absorption peak peak positionσ=1302√K/μ'
K chemical bond force constant
C-C
5
C＝C
10.0
C≡C
15.6
μ Reduced relative atomic mass
②
Fundamental frequency peak
Ground state → first excited state absorption peak
Features
Stronger
main
Distribution rules
overtone peak
Features
generally weak
↑Spectral Characteristics
Classification
frequency peak
group frequency peak
Bands produced by vibrational interactions
factor
internal
more lively
conjugation effect
π electron delocalization, double bonding ↓, K↓, σ↓
Benzene ring↓30
C-C↓10
The unsaturated bond is more stable on the =O side (compared to the -OH side)
hydrogen bonding effect
Stretching vibration frequency ↓, σ↓
intramolecular
Great impact on peak position
Not affected by concentration
intermolecular
Greatly affected by concentration
more stable
σ↑
Charging effect
electricity-withdrawing group
hybrid effect
s orbital composition ↑, bond energy ↑, bond length ↓
steric hindrance
↑, conjugation restricted
bond angle effect
extracyclic double bond
Ring tension ↑, double bondability ↑, σ↑
double bond in ring
σ↓
molecular interconversion structure
enol tautoconversion
vibration coupling
Same group (close distance/share one atom)
e.g.
Anhydride
ring
linear
⑨Fermi resonance
CHO: 2820, 2720
external
①Sample status
Wave number: solid＜liquid＜gas
②Solvent polarity↑
Stretching vibration frequency of polar groups σ↓ (forming hydrogen bonds)
Dispersion original performance advantages and disadvantages
Affects resolution of adjacent peaks
④
characteristic area
4000-1300cm⁻¹
Peaks are sparse, strong, and easy to identify
Group identification
Fingerprint area
1300-400
Distinguish between isomers
⑤
Characteristic peak
Identify functional groups
correlation peak
A group resulting from a functional group
peak shape
sharp, broad/blunt
factor
hydrogen bonding effect
State of matter
Feng Qiang
Feng Qiang said
Extremely strong peak ε＞100
factor
dipole moment
Electronegativity difference ↑, peak intensity ↑
molecular symmetry
Vibration form
Vibrational energy level transition probability
Number of peaks
vibration degrees of freedom
f＝3n-5
linear molecule
3n-6
nonlinear molecules
Number of absorption peaks <number of basic vibrations
Infrared inactive vibration
Produce infrared active vibration: the dipole moment change is not 0
degenerate
In-plane and out-of-plane bending vibration of CO₂
The instrument has low resolution and small absorption intensity
Out of measuring range
＞
overtone peak
vibration coupling
Fermi resonance
Basic principles
vibrational spectrum
Vibration form
diatomic molecule
Stretching vibration ν
polyatomic molecules
①Stretching vibration ν
key length along key axis
Symmetric stretching vibration νˢ
happen simultaneously
Antisymmetric stretching vibration νᵃˢ
occur alternately
②Bending vibration δ
bond angle change
In-plane bending vibration β (AX₂-type molecule)
Scissor vibration δ
In-plane rocking ρ
Out-of-plane curvature γ
Out-of-plane rocking vibration ω
Curl and rocking vibration τ
Deformation vibration δ
Symmetrical deformation vibration δˢ
δˢᴄʜ₃～1375cm⁻¹
Asymmetrical deformation vibration δᵃˢ
Infrared spectrometer
light source
Silicon carbide rod
Nernst lamp
Sample preparation
solid
tabletting method
thin film method
Paste method/paste method/paraffin paste method/paste method
liquid pool method
liquid
clip method
smear method
liquid pool method
gas
gas cell method
chromatography
definition
components of mixture
stationary phase
mobile phase
Adsorption, distribution, ion exchange, size exclusion
in accordance with
Physics/Physical Chemistry
Separation analysis method
Qualitative/Quantitative
used for
point
two-phase molecular aggregation state
liquid chromatography LC
Gas Chromatography GC
separation mechanism
①Distribution chromatography
fixative
②Adsorption chromatography
adsorbent
③Ion exchange chromatography
Ion exchanger
④Size/size exclusion chromatography
porous stationary phase
Stationary phase fixation method
column chromatography
packed column chromatography
capillary column
micro filling
planar chromatogram
paper chromatography PC
liquid liquid
thin layer chromatography TLC
thin film chromatography TFC
Features
advantage
"Three highs, one fast and one wide"
shortcoming
For qualitative specific differences
Need to be used in conjunction with other analytical methods
chromatographic process
The substance is between the stationary phase and the mobile phase The process of allocating balance
Separation characteristics
②
Chromatographic elution curve
Electrical signal strength-time curve
baseline
Outflow curve when no component flows out
tailing factor
T＝W0.05h/2A
T=0.95-1.05
Normal peak (symmetrical peak)
Peak height method quantification
>1.05
tailing peak
<0.95
Qian Yanfeng
Reduce tailing
Control the amount of solute or change the pH of the mobile phase
③
parameter
Qualitative parameters - retained values
column chromatography
retention time
retention time tʀ
Dead time t₀
Adjust retention time tʀ'
retention volume
Vʀ
Dead volume V₀
Adjust retention volume Vʀ'
relative retention value rᵢₛ
Retention index Iₓ
planar chromatogram
Ratio shift value Rf=L sample/L₀ <1
Generally: 0.2-0.8
Best: 0.3-0.5
Relative shift value Rₛₜ=L sample/L parameter
Quantitative Parameters -
Peak height h
Peak area A
Measuring column efficiency
Chromatographic peak area width
Number of plates
Tray height
phase equilibrium
partition coefficient
K=cₛ/cₘ concentration ratio
stationary phase/mobile phase
The components are certain, ↑K
Stationary and mobile phase changes
T temperature change
capacity/retention factor
k=mₛ/mₘ mass ratio
k=（tʀ-t₀）/t₀
Parameters that measure distance
Selectivity factor α
The meaning of chromatographic curves
Number of peaks
Minimum number
Reserved value
subtopic
Quantitative indicator of degree of separation
Effect
Resolution R
Column chromatography HPLC, GC
R=2（tʀ₂-tʀ₁）╱W₁＋W₂ =1.177（tʀ₂-tʀ₁）╱W
R≥1.5
TLC
R≥1.0
④Basic theory
tray theory
n = L/H
n=5.54（tʀ/W₁ ₂）²＝16（tʀ/W）²
W：min
rate theory
H↓＝A B/u Cu
HPLC
H=A Cu
H = A Cu = A Cmu Csmu
A Eddy current/multipath diffusion term
Solid particles ↓, the more solid the filling, A↓
B/μ Longitudinal/Molecular Diffusion Term
↓Vertical diffusion
Choose a carrier gas with a larger molecular weight
Higher linear speed and lower column temperature
Cu mass transfer impedance term
Basic equations for chromatographic separation
R
↑Separation
↑Column efficiency (direct)
↑Column length
↓Board height
↓A
stationary phase
Smaller particle size
Fill evenly
↓C
Partition chromatogram
Controlling the thickness of the fixative liquid film
suitable operating conditions
↓B
↑Column selectivity (powerful)
Gas phase GC
Stationary phase properties Column temperature
Liquid phase LC
Change mobile phase properties
⑤
Choice of chromatographic method
System suitability test
Qualitative analysis by chromatography
Reserved value
selective detector
Chromatographic Quantitative Methods
Ingredient content determination
Naturalization method
internal standard method
point
internal standard correction factor method
Internal standard standard curve method
internal standard comparison method
advantage
Require
external standard method
point
external mark one point method
External standard two-point method
Features
Greatly affected
🙅Correction factor, 🙅peaks of all components
Require
Accurate injection volume
Experimental conditions are constant
standard addition method
Impurity content determination
Principal component self-contrast method of correction factor
Principal component comparison method of × correction factor
subtopic
Classic liquid chromatography
Basic principles
Adsorption chromatography (liquid-solid adsorption chromatography)
separation mechanism
adsorption equilibrium constant K=Cₛ/Cₘ
Components
adsorbent
point
composition
Organic
macroporous adsorption resin
polyamide
functional group
polar amide group
intermolecular hydrogen bonding
Flavonoids (weakly acidic)
✖️Acid solution
nonpolar fat long chain
cellulose
Inorganic
Silicone
Analyze acidic/neutral substances
Alkaline: Ammonia/diethylamine
nature
polarity
Weakly acidic
Water absorption＞17%→deactivation
Dry at 105-110℃ for 30 minutes
Alumina
point
alkaline
Neutral (most used)
Alkaloids applicable
Acidic
Not applicable: flavonoids, anthraquinones (reacts with Al³⁺)
polarity
[Organic type] Macroporous adsorption resin (fully porous resin)
D101 type (non-polar) [reverse-phase chromatography]
Total xx
Stronger adsorption force for less polar substances
Require
It does not react chemically with the mobile phase or sample, and is insoluble in the mobile phase.
Particles: fine and uniform
Large specific surface area, certain adsorption capacity
adsorption capacity
main factors
Adsorbent specific surface area
Compound selectivity
mobile phase (eluent, developing agent, mobile phase, carrier gas)
Polarity (commonly used mixed solvents)
Petroleum ether < cyclohexane < carbon tetrachloride < benzene < toluene < methylene chloride < chloroform < diethyl ether < ethyl acetate < n-butanol < acetone < ethanol < methanol < water
Selection of adsorption chromatography separation systems
Stationary phase (like attracts like)
Mobile phase (similar miscible)
suggestion
Mobile phases for multicomponent systems
gradient elution
Three dead volumes → maximum concentration point
partition chromatography
separation mechanism
Distribution coefficient K= Cₛ/Cₘ
②
stationary phase/liquid
stain
bonding
Various organic functional groups
mobile phase
carrier
Silicone
diatomite
cellulose
choose
Stationary phase selection
normal phase chromatography
Stationary phase polarity > mobile phase
The stationary phase is highly polar and the mobile phase is an organic solvent.
reversed phase chromatography
bonded phase chromatography
ODS octadecyl fatty chain
The retention time t is too short, and the ratio of methanol in the methanol-water mobile phase↓
mobile phase
Ion exchange chromatography
Component → ion, then adjust pH
separation mechanism
Selectivity coefficient Kₛ
stationary phase
Cation exchange resin
ion to be measured cation
anion
Ion exchange resin properties
Cross-linking degree
switching capacity
swelling
granularity
Operation methods and applications
Molecular/Size Exclusion Chromatography (Gel Chromatography)
Permeability coefficient Kₚ
Only related to molecular size and gel pore size
Stationary phase placement
column chromatography
planar chromatogram
thin layer chromatography
Operation process
plate making
activation
Spotting, unfolding, positioning (qualitative)/elution (quantitative)
separation mechanism
adsorption or distribution
edge effect
eliminate
Small volume expansion tank
narrow thin plate
presaturation
Expand the inside of the slot
Attach filter paper strips soaked with developing agent
Color development method
Optical detection
developer
Biological testing positioning
Resolution R
TCL quantitative analysis
Visual comparison
thin layer elution
thin layer scanning
Classification
Quantitative basis
Absorbance A and concentration → non-linear relationship
Kubelka Munk theory and curves
paper chromatography
Do not spray sulfuric acid
definition
Stationary phase: moisture bound to paper fibers (or formamide, etc.)
Mobile phase: organic solvent saturated with water (saturated n-butanol)
gas chromatography
gas chromatograph
Determination of trace amounts of water in pharmaceuticals
composition
①Pneumatic system
effect
Decompress, purify and stabilize carrier gas
composition
Classification
Commonly used carrier gases
H₂
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
He
LC-MS
N₂
most
ECD,FID
②Sampling system
③Column system
column
Column tube
stationary phase
Gas-solid adsorption chromatography column
Gas-liquid distribution chromatography column
fixative
Classification
polar taxonomy
Relative polarity (P) method
fixed solution constant method
chemical taxonomy
＜Maximum operating temperature -50℃
Hydrocarbons
non-polar
Polysiloxanes
Different polarity
Alcohols
Separation of highly polar compounds
Esters
Wide separation range
choose
Like dissolves
polarity
chemical functional groups
Component properties
The boiling point difference is mainly
The polarity difference is mainly
carrier
load-bearing fixative
Require
Classification
Diatomite
Large specific surface area
Non-diatomaceous earth
glass beads
High sensitivity
Treatment method
pickling
acids, esters
Alkaline cleaning
Amines, basic compounds
Silanization
Used to analyze compounds with strong hydrogen bonding ability
Glaze
choose
Column oven
temperature cage system
Generally higher than the average boiling point of the sample 30-50℃
④Detection system
detector
point
Detection principle
Concentration type
TCD
ECD
quality type
FID
FPD, NPD
Selectivity of components
Universal
Exclusive
ECD (electronegative group)
Performance indicators
noise
Normal: drift downwards
Sensitivity (response value, response value)
Detection limit (sensitivity)
Evaluate performance
Taking into account the impact of noise
Linear range (relevant to quantitative analysis)
⑤Recording and data processing system
Condition selection
Chromatographic conditions
Separation conditions
column
Mainly gas-liquid distribution chromatography
stationary phase
fixative
Polarity, maximum operating temperature
carrier
Fixed solution ratio
Determining factors
Sample boiling point Carrier specific surface area Maximum operating temperature of fixative
in principle
kappropriate
↓Fixed liquid ratio, liquid film thickness
↓H
↑Column efficiency
Column length
(R₁/R₂)²=L₁/L₂
operating conditions
Column temperature selection
Advantages of Programmed Temperature (Gas Chromatography) Advantages of gradient elution (high performance liquid chromatography)
Improve separation Shorten analysis cycle Improve peak shape Improve detection sensitivity
Carrier gas and flow rate
Other conditions
application
Qualitative analysis
Quantitative analysis
Peak height, peak area
GC quantitative method
internal standard working curve method
internal standard comparison method
internal standard correction factor method
HPLC
Overview
HPLC chromatograph
High pressure infusion system
Sampling system
Chromatographic separation system
detector
Exclusive
UV detectorUVD
Fluorescence detector FD
Universal
Evaporative light scattering detector ELSD
Refractive Index Detector RID
Mass spectrometry, FTIR, NMR
Data recording and processing systems
Basic theory
Tray Theory (Thermodynamics)
Rate Theory (Kinetics)
NMR spectroscopy
chemical shift
δ=△ν/νinstrument×10⁶
Regardless of the instrument used for measurement
Influencing factors
electron cloud density
electrical effect
electromagnetic induction effect
Atomic electronegativity↑ Electron cloud density↓ δ↑
conjugate
magnetic anisotropy
hydrogen bonding effect
Solvent
Van der Waals
temperature
ν =(γ/2π) (1-σ) H₀
Commonly used standards
Tetramethylsilane TMS
12 H→① single peak
②Chemically inert
③Easy to recycle
Easily soluble in organic solvents
low boiling point
④Si electronegativity＜C
Spin coupling and spin system
spin splitting
mechanism
The spin of adjacent hydrogen nuclei
law
2nI 1
In a saturated compound, three bonds are transferred
spin system
Map simplification
Using a hyperspectrometer
Chemical shift values and coupling constants are independent of the strength of the external magnetic field.
The frequency of nuclear precession is proportional to the strength of the external magnetic field
Completely symmetrical structure: coupling without splitting
mass spectrometry
Features
mass spectrometer
composition
Sampling system
Ion source
mass analyzer
detector
data processing system
Vacuum system
Introduction to Spectral Analysis
definition
①
electromagnetic radiation produced
Detection of substances after energy excitation
Signal changes
Interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter
to obtain
substance
composition
content
structure
Properties of electromagnetic radiation: wave-particle duality
Volatility
In the process of spreading
λ=c/ν
σ=1/λ=ν/c
σ: number of waves per cm length
interference, diffraction, reflection, refraction
Particulate
interact with matter
E=hν=hc/λ=hvσ
Planck’s constant h=6.6262×10⁻³⁴J/s
Photoelectric effect, absorption and reflection of light
electromagnetic spectrum
gamma rays
X-ray
Vacuum UV
Near UV 200-400nm
Energy level transition of the outer electrons (valence electrons) of the molecule
UV-Vis spectrophotometry
Visible light 400-760nm
visible spectrophotometry
near infrared
Mid-infrared 2.5-25μm
molecular vibration energy level
Infrared absorption spectrum
Far infrared 50-1000μm
molecular rotational energy level
microwave
electron spin energy level
Radio wave ≫300mm
nuclear spin
NMR spectroscopy
optical analysis
Spectroscopy
Atomic spectroscopy
molecular spectroscopy
band spectrum
NMR spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
UV-visible spectroscopy
absorption spectroscopy
non-spectral method
Polarimetry
Circular dichroism spectroscopy
X
instrument
radiation source
Spectroscopic system
sample container
detector
Data recording and processing system
introduction
qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis
Fundamentals: Physical or physicochemical properties
Characteristics of instrumental analysis
Advantages “Three highs, one fast and one wide”
High sensitivity/less sample consumption
High selectivity
High separation efficiency
Fast analysis
Fast response
Can be analyzed in batches
Wide range of applications
shortcoming
RSD relative error is large
low accuracy
Classification
①
Electrochemical analysis
Optical analysis
Chromatography
Other instrumental analysis
mass spectrometry
②Key contents
spectroscopy
chromatography