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MindMap Gallery Fifteen Lectures on Philosophy
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Fifteen Lectures on Philosophy
This is a mind map about fifteen lectures on philosophy. The main contents include: Lecture 5, Subject and Object, Lecture 1, Philosophy and Love of Wisdom, Lecture 4, Survival and Life, Lecture 11, Thinking and Existence, Lecture 15, Ideas and Realm, Lecture 14, Existence and Representation, Lecture 13, existence and ontology, Lecture 10, history and culture, Lecture 12, thought and reflection, Lecture 3, man and the world, Lecture 7, ego and self, Lecture 6, sensibility and Rationality, Lecture 9, Standards and Choices, Lecture 2, Familiarity and True Knowledge, Lecture 8, Rationality.
Edited at 2024-11-26 23:14:05
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Fifteen Lectures on Philosophy
- The Rise of Individuals Reading Notes
This is an advanced guide for future "super individuals". The author, Chen Lifei, switched to finance to overtake others in the workplace, and turned into a workplace influencer by writing on his official account. He not only opened writing courses, but also entered a live broadcast room where beauty and knowledge are paid. This book records the author's thoughts on the rapid personal growth in the past two years. Explosive growth requires not only accumulation, but also a clear understanding of oneself, and being serious about being oneself on the right platform, at the right time, and in the right field. Smart people know how to reward themselves with leanness, and time will cruelly punish those who don’t change. You cannot achieve transformational growth in life by just immersing yourself in hard work. You need a more forward-looking vision and a more ambitious path to achieve explosive growth. Let everyone with growth anxiety find a way, this book will give the answer!
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This is a mind map about cleft lip and palate. The main contents include: cleft palate, surgery, cleft lip, and development. The introduction is detailed and the description is comprehensive. I hope it will be helpful to those who are interested!
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- Outline
Fifteen Lectures on Philosophy
Lecture 1, Philosophy and Love of Wisdom
Asking Philosophy
what exactly is philosophy
Core Issues in Philosophical Cultivation
what exactly is philosophy
philosophical explanation
Philosophy is the analysis of "self-evidence", or in other words, it is the questioning of "self-evidence"
Philosophy takes what people think is self-evident and self-evident and takes it as something it thinks about
Philosophy is about making simple things complex and helping people to understand the complex aspects of things truthfully.
Philosophy is about taking things that people take for granted as the object of one's thinking
Philosophy is the reflection on "rules", the questioning of "ideological premises", and the questioning of the basis for various thoughts.
Asking about the basic views of philosophy
One vertical move
Appeal to the entire history of human understanding
The history of appeal to philosophy
Know how philosophers throughout the ages understand philosophy
Philosophy is a kind of historical thought, and the history of philosophy is a kind of ideological history. Philosophy and the history of philosophy are inseparable
Two horizontal lines
The first horizontal
The relationship between philosophy and religion, art, science, etc.
The second horizontal
eight philosophical views
The first is the philosophical view of "universal laws"
Interpret philosophy as the doctrine of "universal laws about the entire world"
A common philosophical view that everyone is most familiar with
The second is China’s “epistemological philosophical outlook” after reform and opening up.
The third is the "philosophical view of language analysis" in modern Western philosophy.
The fourth is the philosophical view of the meaning of existence of modern Western philosophy.
The fifth is the "philosophical view of the spiritual realm" of traditional Chinese philosophy
Sixth, contemporary Western philosophy’s “philosophical view of cultural criticism”
Seventh, the "philosophical view of cultural dialogue" in contemporary Western philosophy
The eighth is the philosophical view of "practicalism" in Marx's philosophy
The main content of philosophical inquiry
philosophical self-understanding
philosophical way of thinking
Philosophical fundamentals of life
Main issues in philosophical research
conflict of philosophical factions
historical evolution of philosophy
Philosophical cultivation and creation
Philosophical learning methods
undergrad
stimulate theoretical interest
Broaden theoretical horizons
impact theory thinking
Improve theoretical realm
master
Seek theoretical resources
Found theoretical difficulties
Innovative theoretical ideas
make theoretical arguments
PhD
Grasp the basic theory
Stable research direction
insist on independent thinking
Conduct research
Require
A far-sighted mentality
thoughtful and discerning reason
Feel real emotions
Dedicated and focused will and a free and easy state of mind
The great wisdom of Aizhi
understanding of philosophy
Philosophy is not an extension of common sense, but a transcendence of common sense. In other words, philosophy is a criticism of common sense.
Understand philosophy through science and understand philosophy as a science
Philosophy is an "extension" of science and confuses the relationship between science and philosophy
Science and philosophy are two different basic ways for humans to grasp the world. They are not a relationship between special and universal.
Philosophy is not an "extension" of science, but a "reflection" on science, or in other words, a "transcendence" of science.
Enter philosophy
philosophical wisdom
The wisdom of loving wisdom - philosophy is a kind of wisdom, which does not mean that wisdom is philosophy
Critical Wisdom – Wisdom as an Object of Criticism
Reflective Wisdom – Wisdom as an Object of Reflection
Innovative wisdom - philosophy is the questioning of human wisdom
role of philosophy
Help people inquire about the universe, history, and the great wisdom of life
Help young people understand the world, history, and life, ask about the meaning of life, and ask what to do
Ai Zhi's passion
sources of philosophy
passion of nature
Strong sense of social responsibility
Philosophers' concern for the fate of mankind
Hegel's "absolute idea" is an ethical entity and a logic that "enlightens people"
Marx’s philosophy is about human liberation and the realization of the comprehensive development of everyone’s freedom.
self-questioning
self-awareness theory of human existence
"Life Consciousness Series"
Questioning of students’ consciousness and value
philosophical view
Chinese traditional philosophy
"Judge the beauty of heaven and earth, analyze the principles of all things"
"Studying the relationship between heaven and man, understanding the changes in the past and present, and forming a family's opinion to "provide mankind with the basis for a peaceful life."
Philosophy is to enable people to transcend the "natural realm", "utilitarian realm" and "moral realm" and reach the "heaven and earth realm"
Western traditional philosophy
Take "finding the basic principles of the highest cause" as your own responsibility, and take "making people sublime" as your goal
Socrates: "A life without reflection is worthless"
Plato: "The most important and noblest need of a wise poet"
Hegel: "Man should respect himself and regard himself as worthy of the noblest things."
marxist philosophy
About Human Liberation
Possessing the thoroughness to ruthlessly criticize everything that exists
Requirements for studying philosophy
An attitude of admiration
Perseverance and ideal pursuit
Require people to have a heroic spirit
The spirit of heroism is a kind of human dignity
Sincere, strong, selfless love for wisdom
Lecture 2: Familiarity and True Knowledge
Turn simple into complex
Difference Between Philosophy and Science
Science is about making complex things simple
If I don’t tell you, you will be confused; if I tell you, you will understand.”
Explain and explain complex things with simple things
Philosophy is about making simple things complex
If I don’t tell you, you’ll understand; if I tell you, you’ll be confused
Revealing the complexity of something seemingly simple
Enter philosophy
Philosophy is the analysis of "self-evidence"
The difference between "knowledge" and "true knowledge"
The way Western philosophy makes people "conscious"
Socrates "makes man aware of himself"
Hegel "allows people to know that they are not familiar with true knowledge, thereby promoting self-reflection"
The way Chinese philosophy makes people "enlighten"
The explanation of "people"
Explanation of "theory"
Think about “in-itself”, “in-itself” and “in-itself-for”
Wang Guowei’s three realms of reading
Philosophy is to investigate the premise of life beliefs, explore the basis of empirical common sense, reflect on the scale of historical progress, and inquire about the standards for evaluating truth, goodness and beauty.
Philosophical wisdom is reflective wisdom, critical wisdom, and transformative wisdom.
Inspire, inspire and guide people to always open space for self-reflection and self-criticism in all areas of social life
Promote social concept renewal, scientific development, technological invention, process improvement and artistic innovation
Realize human self-transcendence and self-development
name to concept
From "familiarity" to "true knowledge" means transcending "names" and moving towards "concepts"
denotative logic and connotative logic
Extensional logic: general logic
Intensional logic
Thought is self-conscious as the logic of thought (Hegel’s logic)
The logic of sublimating "name" into "concept"
Think about "name" and "concept" logic
science and philosophy
Science makes complex things simple
Find patterns
What is the law? Is it a subjective law grasped by my thinking or an objective law grasped by my thinking?
Philosophy makes simple things complicated
Philosophy wants to ask whether the laws of existence grasped by thinking are the laws of thinking or the laws of existence.
Name and concept
In empirical consciousness: "Concept" is nothing but a "name" for a phenomenon
The difference between concepts and names
Concept: All definitions are a historical development process (conceptual understanding is a kind of reflective wisdom)
Name: A definite and stable relationship with all objects
truth
Empirical perspective: the problem of correspondence between concepts and objects (whether there is a problem)
Philosophical perspective: Whether the concept expresses the essence of the object (the question of whether it is true or not)
reflective wisdom
philosophy and science
Philosophy is reflection
Philosophy takes the "thoughts about the world" of various sciences as the object of its "thinking" and the object of "recognition", that is, it takes "thought" as the object of its thinking.
science constitutes thought
All areas, levels, and aspects of the world are the objects of scientific research, thus forming various "ideas" about the "world".
Reflections and Thoughts
Reflection is thinking in turn using itself as the object
Thoughts are composed of objects of scientific research
Philosophical wisdom is a reflective wisdom
"Questioning" about the table
Basic questions
The relationship between subject and object
The relationship between emotion and reason
The relationship between thinking and existence
individual and general relationships
The relationship between truth, goodness and beauty
The relationship between reality and ideals
relationship between man and the world
Ask further
Questions about "Science", "Art", "Ethics" and "Religion"
Questioning about "history", "culture", "language" and "logic"
Questioning about "truth", "value", "knowledge" and "practice"
innovative wisdom
In the final analysis, studying philosophy is to establish a sense of innovation and the ability to innovate, that is, to be good at seeing things that others have not seen.
imagine
basic way
It is to construct the representation of the subject that has been perceived based on alternative descriptions or symbolic depictions.
It is to construct possible representations that have never been perceived
creative imagination
Not only "imagined reality", but also "real imagination"
effect
stimulate human wisdom
spark knowledge innovation
Promote social development
create new world
importance
Einstein: "Imagination is more important than knowledge"
knowledge and imagination
Knowledge is created by imagination
Knowledge is stimulated and activated by imagination
Knowledge is developed by imagination
Knowledge is brought into the infinite by imagination
Loss of imagination: knowledge becomes dogma, wisdom tends to dry up, society becomes rigid, and the world loses its vitality
imagination and hypothesis
Relationship: mutually beneficial
The world of science: the premise and curriculum of imagining a certain hypothesis
Art world: the reality of imagination, art creates the reality of life
The world of philosophy: imagination really inspires people’s love and pursuit of philosophical wisdom
Theoretical Innovation in Philosophy
Search for theoretical resources: absorb all the positive achievements in the history of philosophy, expose the inherent contradictions contained in previous philosophies, discover the real theoretical difficulties encountered by previous philosophies, and promote the development of philosophy by solving such theoretical difficulties.
Found theoretical difficulties
external difficulties
Contradiction between theory and experience
Two major ways of existence of contemporary human beings
Global problems caused by the exploitation of nature based on technological revolution
The problem of "materialization" of people caused by dependence on things
Internal difficulties: The external difficulties of the theory are the basis for triggering internal difficulties.
Innovative theoretical ideas
Thematizing the spirit of the times
Distance between reality and existence
defamiliarization of popular concepts
Conceptualization of basic ideas
Theoretical argument
If the theory convinces people, it will control the masses; if the theory is thorough, it will convince people
Lecture 3: Man and the World
worldview and world view
All philosophical issues are unified: the relationship between man and the world, that is, the issue of worldview
The difference between "world view" and "viewing the world"
worldview
Misunderstanding: "World view" is "viewing the world"
Commonly understood: a fundamental point of view about the entire world
philosophy and science
Ancient Philosophy: A Collection of Knowledge
Modern Philosophy: The Science of Science
modern philosophy
Beyond the epistemological stance
Features: Philosophy has been "expelled" from the three major fields of nature, society and thinking, and targets all human thoughts about the world.
Philosophy: Reflection on the relationship between people and the world, thereby providing humans with a "world view" that understands and coordinates the relationship between people and the world.
View the world
The distinction between worldview and worldview is the "universal law theory" of "worldview"
think
Each science only studies various "special fields" of the world and provides "special laws" about these fields.
Philosophy takes "the whole world" as its object and establishes a "universal law" about the movement and development of the whole world.
Deep historical and realistic foundation
Have a profound background in the history of philosophy
Have profound roots in human thinking
Have deep roots in human practice
The free world and the world picture
free world
objective existence independent of human will
world picture
The overall picture of the empirical world formed by people in their own representations and thoughts
Two indispensable aspects
The world picture is a picture of the empirical world, not a fantasy or fantasy picture. This is the materialist premise for understanding the "world picture"
The picture of the world that the poet constructs in his own representations and thoughts
To understand the relationship in any world, we must think about what kind of existence human beings are and how they relate to the world.
The basic way humans grasp the world
The difference between "world in itself" and "world picture" is that we introduce the "basic way" of human beings to grasp the world
Only by becoming familiar with and mastering the various basic ways that humans grasp the world can we create a rich and colorful world, and only then can we feel that this world is meaningful and valuable, and that life is meaningful and valuable.
Mainly religious, artistic, ethical, scientific and philosophical
Universities strengthen humanities cultivation
Marx quality education
Improve overall quality
People's basic ways of grasping the world are different, resulting in everyone's world picture being different.
"View the World" activities
Take "the world" as the object to be "observed" to form thoughts about the world
scientific activities
View the world
Think about how people "view" the world, and what is the relationship between "people" and the "world" that people "view"
philosophical activities
worldview
basic way
common sense
science
philosophy
concept
Importance: People are the subjects who understand and transform the world. In the relationship between subjects and objects between people and the world, "concepts" occupy a particularly important position.
Concepts are both the form of human thinking and the result of human cognition
Concepts are the way people construct the world of experience in their thoughts, and they are also the social inheritance method that passes the world in their thoughts from generation to generation.
Concepts are the "reservoir" of human history, as well as the "ladder" and "support point" for the development of human understanding.
Two issues ignored in conceptual understanding
Conceptual framework: The way people construct the world of experience in their thoughts and organize the concepts in their thoughts
Concepts must and can only gain meaning within the specific framework of the concept
Concepts have different properties in different levels of conceptual frameworks
level
common sense nature
Common sense "truth" is "truth"
scientific nature
The "truth" of science is the "verified" "universal necessity"
philosophical nature
The "truth" of philosophy refers to the "objectivity of thought"
Common sense, scientific and philosophical world picture
Common sense's "world picture"
Common sense is ordinary, ordinary but lasting, often effective support
Common sense is the product of human experience from generation to generation. It is the adaptation of human beings to the natural environment, social environment and general cultural environment of human existence at the most practical level and on the broadest basis.
The most essential characteristic: experiential
World picture: It is a world picture mediated by the universality of people’s experience, that is, a world picture composed of people’s common experiences.
Have significant intuitiveness or giving
solid or non-judgmental
Scientific "picture of the world"
The scientific world picture constituted by scientific concepts is not a world picture mediated by the universality of experience, but a world picture mediated by the stipulation of concepts.
The scientific world picture constituted by scientific concepts is not a world picture mediated by the universality of experience, but a world picture mediated by the stipulation of concepts.
In the scientific conceptual framework, the world picture is neither given by empirical representations nor formed through empirical intuition, but is composed of the mutual determination of concepts.
The scientific world picture is a conceptual, logical, precise and systematic world picture. It has the regularity of content, the universality of explanation, the verifiability of description and the predictability of experience.
Science also has the characteristics of self-criticism, self-development and creation
Science is a human activity. It is an activity in which humans use theoretical thinking abilities and theoretical thinking methods to explore the mysteries of nature, society and spirit, gain regular understanding of the world, and use it to transform the world and benefit mankind.
The rapid development of modern science has profoundly changed people's world view and way of thinking, as well as people's value norms and lifestyles.
Philosophical "World Picture"
Philosophy’s reflection on the results of scientific research is of particularly great significance, and it is the reflection on epoch-making scientific discoveries.
The imbalance of scientific development
The first is to attract all sciences to try to use this "cognitive component" to study their own objects.
Secondly, philosophers also try to use this "cognitive component" commonly used by scientists to reconstruct philosophical theories about the premises of theoretical thinking.
Finally, due to the philosophical worldview level theory, it summarizes and changes people's way of thinking and values, which leads to major changes in the entire humankind's understanding of the relationship between people and the world.
For philosophy, the various ways in which humans grasp the world, including science, and their historical results have never been readily accepted.
Philosophy can summarize the new research methods, explanatory principles and values contained in scientific achievements on the relationship between people and the world, and demonstrate the understanding of truth, goodness and beauty achieved in one's own era, thereby providing mankind with a "world view theory" at the level of the times. "
Lecture 4, Survival and Life
Two basic ways of life activities
all existence
inanimate existence
living being
Animals: living beings with survival activities
is a practical existence
Existence "beyond nature"
In other words, the existence of "transcendence"
The difference between "survival" and "life" is the fundamental difference between humans and other creatures
People: living beings in life activities
The "transcendence" of human life activities lies in the fact that human life activities are "living", while the life activities of other creatures other than humans are only "survival"
The difference between "life" and "survival" is that human life activities are not purely "natural" processes, but "conscious" creative activities that "transcend nature"
The transcendence of human consciousness determines how people live
Everyone has two self-awarenesses about me at the same time
Greater Self: Human beings are "I", individuals are just quasi-molecules of human "I", and individuals can only exist as "species"
Ego: The individual is "I", other existences, including the existence of others, are "non-self", I only exist as an "individual"
The highest level of the emperor's realm: Man transcends nature, and in his own development, strives to return himself to nature at a high level. This is the "human consciousness" that modern people are aware of, which is also the transcendent consciousness of previous generations of humans.
Two scales of human activity
The fundamental difference between life and survival
animals (survival)
Adapt to nature according to the "species scale" to which you belong
You can only survive according to the way of survival of your own species.
human(life)
People can produce according to the scale of any species, and change the existence of objects according to the "human scale", that is, according to people's own purposes, wishes and ideals.
Human life activities are activities that transform nature in which "the scale of things" and "the scale of people" are unified.
Two scales of human activity
scale of any species (regularity
Inherent measure (purposiveness)
The unity of two dimensions: human practical activities (the unity of regularity and purpose)
Human life activities and human life world
Life activities: Human life activities are life activities that continue their types by creating "culture" and "cultural" inheritance. They are historical (beyond simple "copying")
Life world: The human world is a result and product of human historical development, which constitutes human "life practice"
Producing according to the unity of "any material scale" and human's "inherent inherent scale" is the unity of "regularity" and "purpose"
Natural inheritance and cultural inheritance (human life activities are not only activities that change the environment, but also activities that change humans themselves)
Cultural inheritance Culture is the way of human existence
Culture is the way of human existence
human genetics
Language plays an important role in human “cultural inheritance”
status of culture
"History" is the way of human existence. Understanding the existence of "history", human beings obtain the connotation "development" of self-transcendence.
The contradiction between human life activities and human existence
The contradiction of human existence is fundamentally the practicality of human existence.
Practicality
The naturalness and supernaturality of the practical subject
The purposefulness and regularity of practical activities
The scale of people and things in practical activities
Object subjectification and subject objectification of practical activities
Lecture 5, Subject and Object
"I" and the relationship between subject and object
Based on the existence of "I"
"Subject" and "object" are a pair of inseparable "relational" existences
"Subject" is not a "person" in the biological sense
"Subject" has "logical precedence" for "object"
The most critical question
It is crucial to understand the relationship between “people” and “the world”
"I" and "relationship", as well as the resulting "logical pre-existence" of the subject to the object
The relationship between “people” and “the world”
Of course, the earth came first and then humans. Without the earth, there would be no humans. Without humans, of course, there would be no human consciousness. This is absolutely correct.
The primary nature of matter, the secondary nature of consciousness (the subject-object relationship has not been converted)
Duality (after conversion)
The relationship between man and the “time” of the world
Man is the product and result of natural evolution
The natural world has a "priority of time" for people
The “logical” relationship between man and the world”
When people have a relationship with the world
The existence of artists is a prerequisite
Man has "logical prioritization" to the world
host-guest relationship
Logical relationship based on the subject's pre-existence
Subject and object are a reflective theoretical awareness of the relationship between man and the world.
temporal precedence
specific, content
reflection based
logical precedence
Forming a subject-object relationship between humans and nature
The subject-object relationship between me and society
my relationship with history
my relationship with myself
practical relationship
cognitive relationship
value relationship
aesthetic relationship
practical relationship
The most basic relationship for understanding the relationship between man and the world
Two dimensions of human beings
Man according to the scale of any species
The inherent life activity of human beings
Intermediary and subject-object relationship
The rich relationship between cognition, value and aesthetics is composed of various "intermediaries"
Understand the fundamental shortcomings of the relationship between man and the world, and between subject and object.
Leave the relationship of "thinking to existence" and directly assert the existence of the world
Leave the "intermediary" to understand the relationship between people and the world, subject and object
host-guest relationship
practical relationship
Rich in connotation
The unity of the scale of things and the scale of people
The unity of regularity and purpose
Cognitive relationship, value relationship and aesthetic relationship
Subject: It is a social, historical, and cultural existence, based on practical activities and mediated by spiritual activities and cultural activities.
intermediary
main body
The subject is cultural
The subject is historical
subject is social
"Intermediary" link
life activities of one's own life
intermediary
Communicating the relationship between subject and object through the world of language and culture as a medium
Communicating the relationship between subject and object through social sciences and humanities
The role of intermediaries
Inspire us to re-understand the relationship between "theory" and "reality"
Rethink the relationship between “theory” and “observation” in cognitive activities
Form a more reasonable worldview theory
Stimulate the desire to learn and master all the cultural heritage created by mankind
Intersubjectivity and subject-object relationship
material production activities
Material production activities are the most basic practical activities of human beings
duality
The “host-object relationship” of material exchange between humans and nature
The "intersubjective relationship" between people interacting with each other
interact, stipulate, and mediate each other
human social history
Not only a history of the reproduction of material means of life
not only one's own history of production
Or is it a history of the reproduction of social relations?
Marx's production theory
Reproduction of material materials
reproduction of man himself
The process of reproduction of social relations is an "intersubjective" reproduction process
host-guest relationship
intersubjective relations
The subject is actually a big self, and the big self constitutes an extremely complicated relationship between me and myself.
It constitutes the premise of the logical relationship between subject and object.
Realize the possession of the world in thought in a conceptual way
"Intersubjective relationship" and "subject-object relationship" are unified in people's conceptual grasp of the world.
subject's self-awareness
The subject-object relationship is premised on people realizing that they are the "subject"
self conscious
Including awareness of self-reliance, self-respect, self-confidence, self-esteem, etc.
How people understand and treat the "meaning" of their own existence will determine how they understand and treat their own existence as subjects.
Expressed as the ideal dimension of conscious activity
Stimulate people's desire for knowledge, goodness and beauty
Promoting people's "objective" activities with "purpose"
Create the ideal reality through "practice"
Form self-understanding about the "meaning" of life through self-feeling, self-observation, self-experience, self-analysis, self-evaluation, self-shaping, self-transcendence and self-reflection.
Self-feeling is constantly strengthened through self-observation and self-experience
The subject's reflection on the "meaning" of life is more deeply reflected in self-analysis and self-evaluation
Self-analysis, self-evaluation and self-reflection will enable people to discover their true self and then shape their ideal self.
Self-shaping and self-transcendence are the biochemistry of self-feeling and the realization of self-awareness
In the self-reflection of various "relationships", the subject forms a self-awareness about nature, society, history and life.
Lecture 6, Emotion and Rationality
Perceptual existence and rational existence
The contradiction between human sensibility and rationality
Man is not only a perceptual being, but also a thinking and rational being.
Parmenides: Being and non-being. Why can people grasp the world of objects as a contradictory existence of "existence and non-existence"?
Sensibility and rationality are an inherent contradiction in human beings
Practical activities
It is a concentrated expression of the contradiction between human sensibility and rationality.
Practice is a person’s purposeful and conscious conscious activity
Practice is the objective material activity of any subset of perceptual existence (physical organization) to change the perceptual existence of the world.
The unity of opposites between human sensibility and rationality
People need to use their various organs to perceive the external world and their own existence, and form sensory experiences about people and the world and their mutual relationships.
People must use their own rational thinking to grasp the nature and laws of things, and form a regular understanding of the mutual perception of humans and machines.
The contradiction between human sensory experience and rational thinking
Human sensory experience can only grasp various phenomena of cognitive objects.
Human rational thinking can only grasp the inner essence of the object of understanding
The contradiction between human sensibility and rationality is ubiquitous and occurs all the time.
The basic idea of the unity of all things by ancient Greek philosophers
Pay attention to the diverse unity of the empirical world itself
Exploring the logical relationship between the phenomenon and essence of objects
Deductive logic human thinking reasoning process
Traditional deductive logic is a kind of extensional logic
In terms of the extensional relationship of the concept, "common" withdraws from "individual"
In terms of human thought content, pure formal reasoning without thinking content
inductive logic
Intensional logic
The existence of representation and the existence of concepts
The contradiction between representation and concept
Epistemologically, it embodies the contradictory relationship between man and the world.
Perceptual existence is expressed as the existence of representation, and rational existence is expressed as the existence of concepts.
The so-called phenomenon and essence of things, individual and general, accident and necessity are inseparable from the contradiction between human sensibility and rationality.
Understand the relationship between objects and representations
It is mediated by "image"
Turn the object into the existence in the human mind, the existence of feelings and images
Representation is the representation of a perceived image
Objects and Images
The object is not an image, the object is an existence outside of consciousness, and the image is an existence in the realm of consciousness
An image is an image of an object, not an object, but an object that is perceived
ask questions
How does human consciousness transform existence outside consciousness into existence within consciousness?
What is the relationship between the existence of the conscious world composed of human conscious activities and the existence outside consciousness?
The contradictory movement of representation and thought
three stages
Thought grasps the contradictory movement of representation, which is the perceptual and concrete stage in the process of cognition (chaotic representation of the whole)
The contradictory movement of thought evaporating representation, which is the stage of rational abstraction in the process of cognition
The contradictory movement of thought to reorganize representations, which is the specific stage of rationality in the process of cognition
two roads
From perceptual concreteness to rational abstraction
From rational abstraction to rational concreteness
contradictory movement of knowledge
Chinese theoretical circles must be liberated from three aspects
Liberate yourself from polar opposite ways of thinking
Liberate yourself from dogmatic research methods
Be liberated from the rigid and boring way of speaking
Human sensibility and rationality are a pair of contradictions in the process of cognition. This contradiction is manifested in the contradictory movement of thoughts and appearances.
The "supremacy" and "non-supremacy" of thinking
According to the nature of thinking, the possibility of thinking, and the ultimate purpose of thinking, thinking is wireless and supreme.
The contradiction between supremacy and non-supremacy of thinking
In the process of human cognition, human thinking not only manifests itself as the contradictory movement of thinking and representation, but also manifests itself as the contradictory movement of thinking itself.
Contradictions in the process of human cognition: contradictions between certainty and non-determinism, relative and absolute, finite and infinite, etc.
Certainty and non-determinism
two logics
Formal logic of human thinking
Dialectical logic of human thinking
relative and absolute
relativity
All our understanding of things has historical relativity
Engels "The so-called relative truth is a relative fallacy, and a relative fallacy is also called relative truth."
'legitimate prejudice'
Absoluteness
The directionality of human thinking—absoluteness
Engels "If it is, it is, if it is not, it is not, and other than that, it is all nonsense" (metaphysical way of thinking)
finite and infinite
limited
The helplessness of the finite against the infinite. Momentary yearning for eternity
unlimited
Infinity is a contradictory product grasped by rational thinking
In the contradiction between human thinking and experience, thinking = thinking must transcend the finiteness of experience and reach the infinity of thinking grasp
True infinity is the eternity of a moment
The conflict between empiricism and rationalism
Rationalism and empiricism
Rationalism: Denies the importance of perceptual knowledge, one-sidedly exaggerates the role of rational knowledge, and believes that only rational knowledge is the most reliable and does not depend on perceptual knowledge.
Empiricism: Denies the importance of theoretical knowledge, one-sidedly exaggerates the role of perceptual knowledge, and believes that perceptual knowledge does not need to be elevated to rational knowledge.
Both are wrong on the whole, and the differences and struggles between the two are premised on explaining the relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge in the process of knowledge.
Lecture 7: The Small Self and the Big Self
"I" and self-awareness
Analysis of the inner contradictions of "I"
I'm not just talking about myself as an individual, I'm talking about us as humans
"I" is the unity of opposites and universal opposites
The real subject-object relationship between man and the world
Contradiction between two aspects
From the perspective of the existence of the subject as an individual, think about the contradiction between sensibility and rationality
From the perspective of human beings as a big self and a species, think about the contradiction between the small self and the big self, the individual and me, and me and us.
The contradiction between the small self and the big self
It is based on my subjective self-awareness
The most basic and universal contradiction: the contradiction between individuality and universality
The tendency of culture itself: the singularity of conceptual expression
Philosophy uses theoretical methods to realize the contradiction between human individuality and universality
Hegelian philosophy
Regarding the idea that individual rationality identifies with universal rationality and historical rationality demonstrates universal rationality
"I" and society
my relationships with others
Directly expressed in my relationship with others
Two basic relationships
Intersubjective relationship, also known as intersubjective relationship, intersubjective relationship
I am the contradiction between the small self and the big self. It is also a mutual subject-object relationship.
My conflicting relationship with society
Simultaneity analysis
first level
blood relationship
geographical relationship
professional ethics relationship
second level
economic relations
political relations
cultural relations
The three relationships are interactive
third level
Analyze from the levels of a family, unit, class, class, nation, country, and many human beings
"my" history
The existence of human beings, in the process of historical development, is first of all a human-dependent existence based on the natural economy. In modern times, it has developed into an existence based on the market economy.
There are three things contained in the theory of comprehensive human development:
One is the purpose of liberation, which is the promise of human reason.
The second is the process of the program, which is the manifestation of the process of human liberation.
The third is the measure of liberation, which is the standard for observing human history.
The independence and dependence of "I"
"I" is the unity of opposites between the individual and the universal
From the perspective of individuality, "I" exists as an independent individual, and "I" is myself
From a universal point of view, "I" is a human-like molecule, and "I" is us
The existence of "I" is both independent and dependent.
The individual's dependence on the group is essentially man's dependence on nature. In a feudal society based on the natural economy, due to low productivity, a person's independence and individual subject consciousness have no basis in reality.
The market economy destroys the personal dependence relationship with hierarchical subordination as the main form, forms the independence of people based on the dependence on things, and continuously cultivates their individual subject consciousness.
"What do I want?" and "What do we want?"
contradiction
The contradiction between social value orientation and personal value orientation
composed in a dynamic process
Basic features
Subjectivity, arbitrariness and arbitrariness
Lecture 8, Reason and Reality
transcendent existence
Connotation: the transcendence of human spiritual activities
On the one hand, it is expressed as its imagination
On the one hand, it is reflected in its thoughts
Indirect expression: the transcendence of cultural activities
Composition: the transcendence of one’s own life realm
Direct expression: the transcendence of human practical activities
Practical activities, which express a special relationship between man and the world, which is the negative unified relationship between man and the world
In this negative identity relationship, it creates the duality of the world itself, the duality of man himself, and the duality of history as a process of human development.
People dualize the world in their own activities
People are also dualized in their own activities
level of need
man's ideal pursuit
pursuit of happy life
three levels of happiness
love wealth
love honor
love wisdom
human needs
physiological needs or survival needs
security needs
need to belong or love need
respect needs
cognitive needs
aesthetic needs
self-actualization needs
Marx's social ideal
Marx’s theory is a theory about human liberation and a theory about realizing the all-round development of human beings.
We should understand Marx’s social ideal from the unity of liberation aspirations, processes and standards.
Overthrowing all relationships that make people humiliated, enslaved, abandoned, and despised is the true starting point for Marx to create all his knowledge, and it is also the highest value ideal he promised.
Inspirational meaning
It not only exposes the alienated state of human beings, but also provides prerequisites for humans to get out of this alienated state.
It reminds people that the contemporary mission of mankind is not only to base human independence on dependence on things, but also to liberate people from dependence on things and truly turn the independence of things into human independence. Realize people's own national development
It enables us to deeply understand the existence of reality in which people turn reality into ideals, and it also enables us to more effectively understand the social ideal of realizing human liberation.
Lecture 9, Standards and Choices
basis of life
The direction and value of all human life activities are to make the world meet the needs of human beings and to turn the world into a world where truth, goodness and beauty are unified for people, that is, a meaningful world that realizes people's self-development.
The pursuit of philosophy "—" is the basis, basis and standard for judging, explaining and evaluating meaningfulness and meaninglessness, truth, goodness and beauty, fakeness, ugliness and evil.
The relationship between standards and choices under natural economy: human self-alienation in the divine image
The relationship between standards and choices under market economy conditions: Self-alienation in non-sacred images
From hierarchy to sequence
different levels of cultural styles
Concern about human existence at the cultural level
Concern about human existence based on cultural sequence
Comparison between the two
Hierarchical concerns are "two levels of opposition"
The categories of sequential philosophical relationship concerns have significant "equality" characteristics
The “level” and “sequence” of philosophical pursuits
Fundamentally, it is how to deal with the relationship between "standards" and "choices"
From hierarchy to sequence
does not mean going from "no criteria for selection" to "no criteria for selection"
The fundamental problem is the understanding of the contradictory relationship between "human nature" and "epochal nature" of philosophy.
What has changed is the eternity and ultimateness of the "standard" confirmed by the transcendental nature of the "level"
Standards and Choices in Contemporary Social Thoughts
The dissolution of the bipolar opposition model
The weakening of the rationalist constitution
The awakening of human subject consciousness and individuality in modern society
Retreat from the Age of Heroism
In modern society, "Everyone is an ordinary individual, but they can also be heroes who demonstrate their personal abilities."
From the level of the entire society, the opposition between "heroes" and "slaves", "gentlemen" and "villains" in traditional society has been changed.
The loss of high-level elite culture
popularization of popular culture
Lecture 10, History and Culture
Cultural history and historic culture
Human history is realized through the inheritance of human duality
Culture is the way humans inherit
Language occupies an extremely important position in human cultural heritage
The "dual relationship" of the production of human life
natural relationship
social relations
Marx's discussion
What kind of existence is "human"?
What is the process of "history"?
Man is the constant product and puzzle of history
History is the activity of people pursuing their own ends
The role of language in history and culture
The power of language lies in the fact that it is the intermediary between people and the world, and the intermediary that turns the world into a human world.
Language preserves historical and cultural accumulation, and historical and cultural accumulation is possessed by language in individuals.
Language is a reservoir of history and culture that occupies individuals from generation to generation. People not only accept and understand history and culture in language, but also interpret and update history and culture through language.
Language is the residence of thoughts. Human concepts are all internal, but human language can be expressed. Therefore, concepts must be established as thoughts in the form of language.
The important feature of language is that it has the dual attributes of logic and humanities
Analytical philosophy highlights the logical characteristics of language
semantic univocity
conceptual certainty
verifiability of meaning
Humanistic philosophy highlights the humanistic characteristics of language
semantic metaphor
conceptual indeterminacy
proliferability of meaning
The basis and significance of the language turn in modern Western philosophy
Modern philosophy attaches great importance to studying language philosophically
First basic understanding
Although the world is outside human consciousness, the world is within human language
Language is both a negative and a positive boundary of human existence
It is precisely in language that the profound contradictions between nature and spirit, objectivity and subjectivity, existence and thinking, truth and goodness, etc. are condensed, and the historical achievements of human thought and all culture are based on
Second, they seek to cure traditional philosophy by turning its opposite on language
Third, they not only view the language turn in philosophy from the perspective of criticizing traditional philosophy and realizing the scientificization of philosophy
Fourth, because you have broader and deeper philosophical reflection value under language and concepts.
Concepts reflect the era of heroism when individual ideals grasp the world, and language embodies the retreat of the heroic era when social ideals grasp the world.
Concepts reflect the private nature of communication in a closed society, while language reflects the temporal nature of communication in an open society.
The concept reflects the limited nature of the subject's possession of cultural education, while the language reflects the universality of education on the subject of cultural possession.
Concepts embody the pursuit of objectivity of thought in which the object gives meaning, while language embodies the subject's pursuit of the richness of the human world by creating meaning.
Concepts embody the expansion of mankind’s practical will to conquer nature, while language embodies the reflection of the practical will to achieve harmony between man and nature.
Human cultural world and human historical development
Human origins and nature
The way of myth is a way of illusion
Transcendence of Human Consciousness
Man is a creative being
Man created religion in order to obtain the sacred meaning of existence from religion
The art world is a world of beauty, and artistic creation is the creation of beauty
Artistic beauty is not only the crystallization of human creativity, but also the embodiment of life activities.
Man is a cultural being created by himself
Science is a human activity and a basic way for humans to grasp the world.
Lecture 11, Thinking and Existence
The relationship between thinking and existence
Philosophical awareness of the relationship between man and the world
The relationship between spirit and matter
The opposition between materialism and idealism
Is there identity between thinking and existence?
Thought and Being and Spirit and Matter
Philosophy is a dangerous metaphysics
Metaphysically, it is called Tao, and metaphysically, it is called Qi. Therefore, philosophy is called "metaphysics"
As a "metaphysical" philosophy, it abstracts the relationship between "any world" into the relationship between "thinking and existence"
The relationship between thinking and existence and the relationship between spirit and matter
The relationship between thinking and existence contains all philosophical issues
The relationship between human consciousness and the objective world
The relationship between object consciousness and self-awareness
The relationship between objects and object consciousness
The relationship between the laws of thinking and the laws of existence
The relationship between the content of consciousness and the formation of consciousness
The relationship between fact judgment and value judgment
The relationship between analytical propositions and synthetic propositions
The relationship between theoretical rationality and practical rationality
The relationship between knowledge, truth, goodness and beauty
The relationship between thinking and existence is not the same as the relationship between spirit and matter.
Unlike the relationship between thinking and existence, the relationship between spirit and matter
It is a matter of practical loss
It is a question of what is wrong based on factual experience
Only by converting the subject-object relationship into a relationship of thinking can we understand the subject-object relationship at a philosophical level
The problem of the relationship between thinking and existence and the problem of thinking and existence
The relationship between thinking and existence
The relationship between thinking and existence is a basic issue in philosophy
The problem of the relationship between the existence of things is that thinking regards the relationship between thinking and existence as a problem.
Questions of thinking and existence
The problem of thinking and existence is to regard thinking and existence as objects of knowledge.
The problem of thinking and existence, the eighteenth thinking of Chinese existence as the object of understanding to obtain scientific explanation
two aspects
The same problem of thinking and being
Thinking is a reflection on the relationship between thinking and existence as a problem
What philosophy pursues is the premise of thought
History of Philosophy and "The Problem of the Relationship between Thinking and Existence"
The historical evolution of philosophy is the same as the basic issues of philosophy
The relationship between thinking and existence
Historical changes are inseparable
Two major turns in the development history of Western philosophy
The epistemological turn from ancient philosophy to modern philosophy
From modern philosophy to the practical turn and linguistic turn of modern philosophy
"The relationship between thinking and existence" and the conflict between philosophical factions
From the perspective of practice theory of Marxist philosophy, we should critically absorb the positive results of the language turn in modern Western philosophy, deepen our understanding of the relationship between thinking and existence at a contemporary level, and enrich the theoretical content of basic philosophical issues.
"The relationship between thinking and existence" and the conflict between philosophical factions
The conflict between philosophical factions is inseparable from the contradiction and historical nature of human existence.
The conflict between philosophical materialism and idealism
Lecture 12, thoughts and reflections
Constitutive Thought and Reflective Thought
philosophical reflections
reflective dimension
Thinking and existence reach a unified dimension
In human thought activities, two basic thought dimensions
Dimensions of thought that make up thought
Humans grasp the world in various ways to form various thoughts about the world, and achieve the unity of thought and existence in man's concepts.
Thinking Dimensions of Reflective Thoughts
Only by understanding the dimension of philosophical reflection can we have real philosophical thinking.
Reflection of Thoughts and Reflective Thinking
reflective thinking
Philosophical reflection is the thinking of thoughts carried out by speculative thinking
Speculative thinking, the content of thought is the concept as the object
The reflective nature of philosophy continues to mature and deepen in the development process of philosophy
Reflection and thinking about change are not Hegel’s patent, but the destiny of philosophy.
The philosophy of reflective thought must resort to "speculation" to analyze thoughts and investigate premises, and "rejection of speculation" can only fall into "common sense" as "representational thinking"
Reflection on Thoughts and Presupposition Criticism of Thoughts
The object of reflection is not only the thought as the content of the thought, but also the basis for conceiving the thought.
Reflection on Thoughts and Presupposition Criticism of Thoughts
The premise of thought is the basis of thought
Criticism of the premise of ideas is a criticism of the basis, guidance, scale and standards for conceiving ideas.
An epoch-making discovery in science
The transformation of the logical premises of scientific theories achieved by the self-reflection and self-criticism of scientific thought, and the resulting transformation of authoritative "axioms" recognized by the world.
The premise of thought is that thought constitutes its own basis and principle, that is, thought constitutes its own logical fulcrum.
Basic characteristics of ideological premises
"Secretness" and "Mandatory"
"criticizability"
"universality"
Philosophy's premise criticism of thought is based on the historical development of human life as a solid foundation
Lecture 13, Existence and Noumenon
Conceptual analysis of "ontology" and "ontology"
In various philosophical theoretical systems, "ontology" has its own special theoretical connotation and historical stipulations.
It is generally believed that philosophical ontology is a philosophical doctrine about general existence or existence in itself, and a doctrine about transcendent existence that is separated from specific existence.
The relationship between "ontology" and "existence"
The "being" that philosophy seeks is the so-called "noumenon"
"Ontology" as an abstract "in" is just a directionality of human thinking
Philosophical ontology is a theory that expresses the contradiction or paradox of human existence
The relationship between "noumenon" and "super-hazardous existence"
"Being" as "noumenon" is "the existence of performance" rather than "the existence of experience"
The threefold connotation of ontology
Ontological search for ultimate existence
Defining ontology as "theory of existence", that is, the theory of "existence", is a common view based on the history of philosophy.
The ultimate existence that philosophical thinking focuses on and points to is the diverse unity of the empirical world, a certain perceptual existence from which all things originate and to which all things return.
Explore the logical relationship between the phenomena and essence of the object world, and consider "noumenon" or "ultimate existence" as a rational existence that transcends experience and is grasped by thinking, that is, "universal" existence
Ontology as the connotation of ultimate explanation
The concretization and intellectualization of the ontology concept is the explanation of the ontology
Ontology as the ultimate explanation points to the ultimate existence of the world through the form of epistemology.
Ontology as the connotation of ultimate value
Human beings' concern for the ultimate existence and ultimate explanation is rooted in the concern for the ultimate value of human beings themselves.
To seek the foundation of the meaning of life is to seek the ultimate value that is universally applicable or universally binding to human beings.
Ontology and the foundation of human life
At its deepest level, the ontology of philosophy is the basis, standard and measure for regulating each of our thoughts and behaviors.
Understand ontology at a deep level
ideality of practical activities
The Supremacy of the Human Mind
the foundation of self-awareness
Ontological pursuit is based on the nature of human practice, and all human life is based on this ontological pursuit.
Ontological modern revolution
ontological traditional approach
way of thinking
Ideological principles
Thought direction
Medieval philosophy has changed, that is, all existences in the world, including human existence, are a process of creation, and only God can create miracles.
Lecture 14, Existence and Representation
representation, expression and representation
Carnap: The "expression" function
philosophical epistemological stance
Treat philosophy as "knowledge" with the highest generality and highest explanatory power
"Knowledge" with the greatest universality and universality
Distinguishing philosophy and science based on the hierarchy of knowledge classification tables
Reducing philosophy to "the basis of all knowledge"
Forgetting the philosophy of questioning the meaning of existence
Ways to "weaken" the "scientific nature" of science itself
To "weaken" the criticism of the non-scientific nature of philosophy by exposing the non-scientific nature of science itself
A way to "strengthen" the "scientific nature" of philosophy itself
The epistemological stance that determines philosophy is essentially "scientism"
There are philosophies that neither "state" nor "express" meaning
Philosophy that represents the meaning of existence
The meaning of existence is human beings’ self-awareness of their own existence, practice is the representation method of philosophy, and representation is the philosophical method of distinction and expression.
Representation is a unique way for philosophy to reveal human self-awareness about its own existence, rather than a language function that is treated secondary to representation and expression.
Looking at philosophy from the perspective of representation
How does philosophy represent its own zeitgeist?
From the conflict between empiricism and logicism, analyze the contradiction between human perceptual existence and rational thinking that they represent
The pursuit of ontology and the representation of sublimity
The pursuit of ontology
As an era grasped in thought, whether it is traditional Chinese philosophy or traditional Western philosophy, history has shouldered the pursuit of the sublime in the process of constructing the spiritual coordinates of human life, and has historically transformed sublimity into some kind of super history. existence
Symbol of the sublime
Medieval philosophy is a process of shaping the divine image, which is a representation of man's dependence on the divine image.
The traditional philosophy's pursuit of the sublime is based on the absolute polar opposition between high and small, aims at establishing a certain ultimate existence of the sublime, and uses its own theoretical form as the ultimate realization of self-worth of the sublime.
sublime alienation
The ideology pursued by Marx to turn the sublime into human reality is to achieve the all-round development of everyone
Lecture 15, Concept and Realm
Philosophical concepts and philosophical wisdom
philosophy
It is the unifying principle of the philosophical system
Philosophy is man's theory of the self-meaning of his own existence
It is a theoretical representation of the spirit of the times
The philosophical concept of universal laws implies two deep contradictions
Leave the relationship between thinking and existence, and directly assert the universal law of existence
Philosophy is a basic way for human beings to grasp the world. It not only provides human beings with a theory of the truth about universal laws, but also provides a philosophical concept that is consistent with the truth, goodness and beauty of one's own era.
Philosophical concepts and philosophical realm
Philosophical wisdom is not ready-made knowledge, but the realm of life
four realms
natural realm
Utilitarian realm
moral realm
realm of heaven and earth
Two meanings
People in the natural state and utilitarian state are the people they are now
A person in the moral realm and the realm of heaven and earth is what a person should be.
Four basic concepts of freedom
Zhuangzi’s “Freedom of Imagination”
Hegelian "ideal freedom"
Sartre's "Freedom of the Will"
Marx's "Practical Freedom"
Philosophical Realm and Beyond "Existential Anxiety"
In modern human consciousness, it is responsible for the raging of negative essentialism
However, the process of dissolution has created a strong self-awareness in modern people, which is existential anxiety.
Philosophical realm and “poetic dwelling”
The ultimate concern of human beings is to seek spiritual comfort, that is, to seek a place of "peace of mind"
The harmony of the human soul is the harmony with the way of heaven and the harmony with the way of humanity.
The subject's self-awareness is the consciousness that "I" is the subject, and it is the consciousness that determines "my" autonomy, self-reliance, self-respect, self-love, self-respect, and self-discipline.
Philosophical realm and "all-round development of human beings"
Human freedom and liberation are the highest ideals of mankind and the highest realm of life, and therefore are also the highest concepts of philosophy
Position the highest ideal of human struggle as the liberation of human beings themselves
The production activities of material materials create the "history" that distinguishes humans from animals.
The value concept of comprehensive human development is based on the historical development of human society