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The psychological development of middle school students
This is a mind map about the psychological development of middle school students. The main contents include: 3. Characteristics of psychological development of primary and middle school students, 2. Basic theories of psychological development, 1. Psychological development and its main characteristics.
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The psychological development of middle school students
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The psychological development of middle school students
1. Psychological development and its main characteristics
(1) The meaning of psychological development
The meaning of psychological development: Psychological development refers to a series of psychological changes that occur throughout an individual's life from birth, maturity, aging to death.
The stages of psychological development are: Infant stage (0~1 years old) Infancy (2~3 years old) Toddler stage (4~6 years old) Childhood (7~12 years old) Adolescence (13~15 years old) Youth (16 years old) ~25 years old) Adulthood (26~65 years old) Old age (66 years old and later)
The main characteristics of psychological development: 1. Continuity and stages of psychological development 2. Psychological development has a certain direction and sequence 3. Imbalance of psychological development 4. Universality and difference of psychological development 5. Development critical period
(2) Factors influencing psychological development
Genetic factors: 1. Genetic diathesis is the physiological prerequisite for human psychological development and provides potential possibilities for psychological development. 2. The physiological maturity of genetic diathesis restricts the process and stages of human psychological development. 3. Genetic diathesis lays the foundation for individual psychological development of children. The initial basis for differences 4. The influence of genetics on individual psychological development cannot be exaggerated.
Environmental factors: 1. The influence of family on individual psychological development 2. The influence of school on individual psychological development
subjective initiative
2. Basic theories of psychological development
(1) Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development
Basic ideas: 1. Children's cognitive development - psychological development is the result of the interaction between subject and object 2. Basic concept - the essence of intelligence is adaptation 3. Psychology originates from action, and action is the source of psychological development 4. Influencing factors ——Maturity, experience, social environment, balance
Cognitive development stage theory: 1. Perceptual operation stage (0~2 years old) 2. Preoperational stage (3~7 years old) 3. Concrete operation stage (8~11 years old) 4. Formal operation stage (12~15 years old)
The educational value of Piaget's theory of stages of cognitive development allows us to understand the rules and characteristics of cognitive development of children aged 0 to 15, and understand the characteristics of formal operations, which is beneficial to the psychological development of college students.
(2) Vygotsky’s “cultural-historical” development theory (it is meaningful to understand children’s development only based on the historical and cultural background experienced by children, and individual development depends on the symbol system formed as the individual grows)
Two kinds of psychological functions: 1. Low-level psychological functions - the evolutionary results of the individual as an animal, which are the characteristics of the individual's early interaction with the outside world in a direct way 2. High-level psychological functions - the evolutionary results of historical products, Psychological functions mediated by symbolic systems. Advanced psychological functions are the characteristics that essentially distinguish humans from animals. 3. The social origin of advanced psychological functions - psychological tools (various symbolic systems) 4. The intermediary structure of psychological functions - history and culture
Concept of psychological development: The process in which individuals gradually transform from low-level psychological functions to high-level psychological functions under the influence of environment and education.
Zone of proximal development refers to the difference between a child's current level and the higher level he or she can reach with help from others.
Teaching application of Vygotsky's development theory 1. Use the concept of zone of proximal development 2. Scaffolded teaching 3. Interactive teaching model 4. Encourage cooperative learning and establish a learning model of peer cooperative learning 5. Consider the cultural environment of learning 6. Monitor and encourage children's use of personal language
3. Characteristics of psychological development of primary and secondary school students
Cognitive development of primary and secondary school students
The development of attention 1. The development of primary and secondary school students’ attention span 2. The development of primary and secondary school students’ attention stability 3. The development of primary and secondary school students’ attention allocation ability 4. The development of primary and secondary school students’ attention shifting ability 5. The general trend of primary and secondary school students’ attention development
Development of perceptual abilities 1. Development of perceptual abilities 2. Development of perceptual abilities
The development of memory 1. From mainly unconscious memory to mainly intentional memory 2. From mainly mechanical memory to mainly meaning memory 3. From image memory to abstract memory
development of thinking
Emotional development of primary and secondary school students
General characteristics of the emotional development of primary school students: 1. The stability of emotions gradually increases 2. The richness of primary school students’ emotions continues to expand 3. The depth of emotions continues to increase 4. The various advanced emotions of primary school students continue to deepen—morality, beauty, and rationality
General characteristics of middle school students’ emotional development: 1. Richness and delicacy 2. Explosiveness and impulsivity 3. Instability and two-level nature 4. Explicitness and implicitness 5. Mood-based and persistent
The development of self-awareness among primary and secondary school students
General characteristics of primary school students’ self-awareness development 1. Development characteristics of self-concept 2. Development characteristics of self-evaluation 3. Developmental Characteristics of Self-Experience
The main characteristics of the development of self-awareness of middle school students: 1. Independence and autonomy are significantly enhanced 2. The logic and reality of self-awareness are enhanced 3. The self-awareness of middle school students begins to tend to their own inner world 4. The self begins to differentiate
Causes of children's psychological development
The development of psychological development originates from the development of social culture and history and is restricted by social laws.
From the perspective of individual development, children develop various new psychological functions in the process of interacting with adults.
Advanced psychological functions are the result of continuous internalization of external activities
Four manifestations:
The continuous development of stochastic functions
Summarize the development of functions
The relationship between various psychological functions is constantly changing and reorganizing, forming an indirect psychological structure mediated by symbols.
personalization of mental activity