Concept: my country’s famous ecologist Ma Shijun commissions: Ecology is a science that studies the rules and mechanisms of interactions between living systems and environmental systems.

Research object: A basic branch of biology that studies the relationship between organisms, the environment, and organisms.

Establishment period (17th to late 19th century)

Consolidation period (early 20th century to late 1950s)

modern ecology period

Urbanization and sustainable development

Modern garden development

Develop the connotation of ecological gardens

Concept: Guided by ecological principles, it is a science that studies the structure and function of landscape ecosystems and their interactions and relationships with other ecosystems.

Main aspects of contemporary research and development 1. Ecological benefit research 2. Biological and environmental research 3. Research on human needs and behavior 4. Research on ecological planning and ecological management

Highly artificial

Concepts, scales and types of environment

urban environment

Ecological factors: refer to environmental factors in the environment that have direct or indirect effects on plant growth, development, reproduction, behavior and distribution.

1. Comprehensive effect: The ecological environment is a complex composed of many ecological factors, each of which Ecological factors are interconnected and restrict each other. 2. Non-equivalence

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