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MindMap Gallery General Psychology Chapter 3

General Psychology Chapter 3

This is a mind map about Chapter 3 of General Psychology. Feelings are caused by stimuli and are also generated in the mind. They convey the information needed for human survival. Sensory transduction: converting physical signals of different stimuli. Nerve signals or nerve impulses that the brain can recognize and process.

Edited at 2024-11-25 19:09:52

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General Psychology Chapter 3

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Outline

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General Psychology Chapter 3

Feel

Overview of Feelings Section 1 Overview of Feelings

what is feeling

Sensations are caused by stimuli and are produced in the mind, conveying information needed for human survival

Sensory transduction: converting physical signals of different stimuli into neural signals or nerve impulses that the brain can recognize and process

sensory coding

Feeling has a reflective quality

Types of Feelings and the Significance of Studying Feelings

types of feelings

Vision

color

brightness

hearing

pitch

Audio

chemical senses

Taste

sense of smell

somatic sensation

touch

temperature sense

pain

It has important theoretical significance and important application value.

Susceptibility, sensory thresholds and measurement

absolute qualia and differential qualia

absolute susceptibility

That is, the ability to just feel the stimulus that causes the sensation

Absolute sensory threshold: the smallest amount of stimulation that can just cause a sensation

differential susceptibility

The ability to detect differences between two stimuli

Difference threshold: the minimum amount of difference between stimuli that can just cause a difference.

Weber's law

K=ΔI/I

The Weber score determines the sensitivity of a certain feeling.

The relationship between stimulus intensity and sensory size

Law of Logarithms

P=KlgI

When the intensity of stimulation increases geometrically, the size of the sensation only increases arithmetic.

power law

P=KIⁿ

The sensation increases slowly as the amount of stimulation increases

signal detection theory

Section 2 Vision

visual stimulation

light stimulation

Wavelength range 380~780 nanometers

Vision system characteristics

Physiological mechanism

refractive mechanism

photosensitive mechanism

Transmission mechanism

central mechanism

eyeball

Outer layer

sclera

cornea

refractive effect

middle level

iris

ciliary muscle

Choroid

Contents

Aqueous humor

lens

Vitreous body

The structure and transduction function of the retina

retina

rod cells

Slender, rod-shaped, distributed at the edge of the retina

Day vision organ, functioning under moderate or strong lighting conditions

Feel the details and colors of objects

cones

Short, thick, cone-shaped, distributed in the center of the retina

Night vision organ, functioning in dim lighting conditions

Mainly feel the light and dark of objects

Transduction

performed in rods and cones

Substances with transducer function are called visual pigments

visual transmission mechanism

The first level neurons are retinal bipolar cells

Second-level neurons are optic ganglion cells

The fibers of third-order neurons originate from the lateral geniculate body

central mechanism of vision

The direct projection area of vision is the striate area of the occipital lobe of the brain.

The brain area adjacent to it is called the visual secondary processing area.

visual receptive field

basic phenomena of vision

brightness

It is the eye’s perception of the brightness and darkness of light sources and object surfaces.

When people change from day vision to night vision, the maximum sensitivity of the spectrum will move toward short wavelengths.

color

what is color

Three basic characteristics of color

tone

Mainly depends on the wavelength of the light wave

The selective reflection of light of different wavelengths by the surface of an object

brightness

Refers to the lightness and darkness of a color

saturation

Refers to the degree of purity of a certain color. Pure colors have high saturation.

color vision deficiency

color blindness

total color blindness

Only gray and white can be seen

partial color blindness

red-green color blindness

color weakness

Can use three wavelengths to match any wavelength on the spectrum, but the sensitivity to the three wavelengths is lower than that of normal people

color vision theory

three color theory

The human retina has three different receptors, which detect the three primary colors of red, green and blue.

Opposition process theory

There are four primary colors of red, green, yellow, and blue, and there are oppositions: yellow-blue, white-black opposition processes

two stage theory

In the light perception stage, color conforms to the three-stage theory; in the information transduction stage, it conforms to the opposition process theory

Spatial and temporal factors in vision

spatial factors

visual contrast

chiaroscuro

Visual experiences caused by different distributions of light stimuli in space

color contrast

The color of an object changes hue due to the influence of the colors of the objects around it

Boundary protrusion and Mach band

It means that people often see a brighter strip of light in the bright area and a darker line in the dark area at the boundary between light and dark.

time factor

visual adaptation

Ming adaptable

Refers to the process in which the sensitivity of the human eye decreases when lighting begins or changes from dark to bright.

dark adaptation

Refers to the process of improving visual sensitivity when lighting stops or turns from bright to dark.

afterimage

front and back image

The quality of the afterimage is the same as the stimulus

negative afterimage

The quality of the afterimage is opposite to that of the stimulus

visual masking

When a visual stimulus is affected by another visual stimulus that is adjacent in space and time, its visibility is reduced.

Section 3 Listening

auditory stimulation

The appropriate stimulus for hearing is sound waves

Frequency refers to the number of times a sound-producing object vibrates per second

Amplitude refers to the deviation of a vibrating object from its starting position.

The intensity of sound can be measured using the sound pressure level, in decibels

Structure and function of the auditory system

Structure and function of the ear

Ear

external ear

middle ear

inner ear

sound conduction

When sound is transmitted from the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane, it causes mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane. The movement of the tympanic membrane drives the three auditory bones to transmit the sound to the oval window, causing the vibration of the lymph fluid in the inner ear.

When sound passes through the sound transmission device of the middle ear, its sound pressure increases by 20 to 30 times.

The conduction mechanism and central mechanism of hearing

The axons of the hair cells leave the cochlea to form the auditory nerve, the 8th cranial nerve.

Basic phenomena of hearing

pitch

The frequency of sound, the frequency of human ear is 20~20000Hz

Analysis of sound frequencies by the human ear

position theory

The frequency of sound is high, and the short fibers of the basilar membrane resonate

The sound frequency is low and the long fibers of the basilar membrane resonate

frequency theory

The inner ear's basilar membrane and stapes move at the same frequency

The sound frequency is low, the number of vibrations of bone setting is small, the number of vibrations of basilar membrane is small, and the frequency of nerve impulses of hair cells is low.

neural volley theory

When the sound frequency is low, the frequency of the nerve impulse of a single hair cell can encode the high or low frequency of the sound.

When the sound frequency is higher, multiple hair cells will act according to the principle of joint activity or volley.

Audio

an auditory characteristic determined by the intensity of sound

sound masking

A sound that raises the hearing threshold due to interference from other sounds acting simultaneously

Section 4 Chemical Senses

sense of smell

The sense of smell is caused by odorous gaseous substances

The sense of smell is the only relay station among various senses that does not go through the thalamus.

Send information directly to brain centers

Taste

Suitable stimuli for taste are chemicals soluble in water

Taste receptors are taste buds located in various papillae on the tongue

The tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweet taste, while the middle, sides of the tongue, and the back of the tongue are most sensitive to salty, sour, and bitter tastes respectively.

Section 5 Somatic Senses

tactile pressure

touch

slight deformation of skin

pressure sensation

Visibly deformed skin

The face is the most sensitive part of the body to pressure, followed by the trunk, fingers, upper and lower limbs

temperature sense

Changes in skin surface temperature are suitable for stimulating temperature sensation

pain

Pain receptors, or nociceptors, are free nerve endings found on the surface of the skin and in muscles, tendons, joints, and internal organs

kinesthetic

It is an important basis for voluntary movement

Kinesthetic sense is also important in understanding the objective world

visceral sensation

Belongs to the body sense

Causes feelings of hunger, thirst, fullness, urge to defecate, nausea, pain, etc.

sense of balance

Receptors are located in the vestibular organ of the inner ear, including the semicircular canals and the vestibule.