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General Psychology Chapter 3
This is a mind map about Chapter 3 of General Psychology. Feelings are caused by stimuli and are also generated in the mind. They convey the information needed for human survival. Sensory transduction: converting physical signals of different stimuli. Nerve signals or nerve impulses that the brain can recognize and process.
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General Psychology Chapter 3
- Reproductive system
This template shows the structure and function of the reproductive system in the form of a mind map. It introduces the various components of the internal and external genitals, and sorts out the knowledge clearly to help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge.
- Interpretation and summary of relationship field e-book
This is a mind map about the interpretation and summary of the relationship field e-book, Main content: Overview of the essence interpretation and overview of the relationship field e-book. "Relationship field" refers to the complex interpersonal network in which an individual influences others through specific behaviors and attitudes.
- Accounting books and accounting records
This is a mind map about accounting books and accounting records. The main contents include: the focus of this chapter, reflecting the business results process of the enterprise, the loan and credit accounting method, and the original book of the person.
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- Outline
General Psychology Chapter 3
Feel
Overview of Feelings Section 1 Overview of Feelings
what is feeling
Sensations are caused by stimuli and are produced in the mind, conveying information needed for human survival
Sensory transduction: converting physical signals of different stimuli into neural signals or nerve impulses that the brain can recognize and process
sensory coding
Feeling has a reflective quality
Types of Feelings and the Significance of Studying Feelings
types of feelings
Vision
color
brightness
hearing
pitch
Audio
chemical senses
Taste
sense of smell
somatic sensation
touch
temperature sense
pain
It has important theoretical significance and important application value.
Susceptibility, sensory thresholds and measurement
absolute qualia and differential qualia
absolute susceptibility
That is, the ability to just feel the stimulus that causes the sensation
Absolute sensory threshold: the smallest amount of stimulation that can just cause a sensation
differential susceptibility
The ability to detect differences between two stimuli
Difference threshold: the minimum amount of difference between stimuli that can just cause a difference.
Weber's law
K=ΔI/I
The Weber score determines the sensitivity of a certain feeling.
The relationship between stimulus intensity and sensory size
Law of Logarithms
P=KlgI
When the intensity of stimulation increases geometrically, the size of the sensation only increases arithmetic.
power law
P=KIⁿ
The sensation increases slowly as the amount of stimulation increases
signal detection theory
Section 2 Vision
visual stimulation
light stimulation
Wavelength range 380~780 nanometers
Vision system characteristics
Physiological mechanism
refractive mechanism
photosensitive mechanism
Transmission mechanism
central mechanism
eyeball
Outer layer
sclera
cornea
refractive effect
middle level
iris
ciliary muscle
Choroid
Contents
Aqueous humor
lens
Vitreous body
The structure and transduction function of the retina
retina
rod cells
Slender, rod-shaped, distributed at the edge of the retina
Day vision organ, functioning under moderate or strong lighting conditions
Feel the details and colors of objects
cones
Short, thick, cone-shaped, distributed in the center of the retina
Night vision organ, functioning in dim lighting conditions
Mainly feel the light and dark of objects
Transduction
performed in rods and cones
Substances with transducer function are called visual pigments
visual transmission mechanism
The first level neurons are retinal bipolar cells
Second-level neurons are optic ganglion cells
The fibers of third-order neurons originate from the lateral geniculate body
central mechanism of vision
The direct projection area of vision is the striate area of the occipital lobe of the brain.
The brain area adjacent to it is called the visual secondary processing area.
visual receptive field
basic phenomena of vision
brightness
It is the eye’s perception of the brightness and darkness of light sources and object surfaces.
When people change from day vision to night vision, the maximum sensitivity of the spectrum will move toward short wavelengths.
color
what is color
Three basic characteristics of color
tone
Mainly depends on the wavelength of the light wave
The selective reflection of light of different wavelengths by the surface of an object
brightness
Refers to the lightness and darkness of a color
saturation
Refers to the degree of purity of a certain color. Pure colors have high saturation.
color vision deficiency
color blindness
total color blindness
Only gray and white can be seen
partial color blindness
red-green color blindness
color weakness
Can use three wavelengths to match any wavelength on the spectrum, but the sensitivity to the three wavelengths is lower than that of normal people
color vision theory
three color theory
The human retina has three different receptors, which detect the three primary colors of red, green and blue.
Opposition process theory
There are four primary colors of red, green, yellow, and blue, and there are oppositions: yellow-blue, white-black opposition processes
two stage theory
In the light perception stage, color conforms to the three-stage theory; in the information transduction stage, it conforms to the opposition process theory
Spatial and temporal factors in vision
spatial factors
visual contrast
chiaroscuro
Visual experiences caused by different distributions of light stimuli in space
color contrast
The color of an object changes hue due to the influence of the colors of the objects around it
Boundary protrusion and Mach band
It means that people often see a brighter strip of light in the bright area and a darker line in the dark area at the boundary between light and dark.
time factor
visual adaptation
Ming adaptable
Refers to the process in which the sensitivity of the human eye decreases when lighting begins or changes from dark to bright.
dark adaptation
Refers to the process of improving visual sensitivity when lighting stops or turns from bright to dark.
afterimage
front and back image
The quality of the afterimage is the same as the stimulus
negative afterimage
The quality of the afterimage is opposite to that of the stimulus
visual masking
When a visual stimulus is affected by another visual stimulus that is adjacent in space and time, its visibility is reduced.
Section 3 Listening
auditory stimulation
The appropriate stimulus for hearing is sound waves
Frequency refers to the number of times a sound-producing object vibrates per second
Amplitude refers to the deviation of a vibrating object from its starting position.
The intensity of sound can be measured using the sound pressure level, in decibels
Structure and function of the auditory system
Structure and function of the ear
Ear
external ear
middle ear
inner ear
sound conduction
When sound is transmitted from the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane, it causes mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane. The movement of the tympanic membrane drives the three auditory bones to transmit the sound to the oval window, causing the vibration of the lymph fluid in the inner ear.
When sound passes through the sound transmission device of the middle ear, its sound pressure increases by 20 to 30 times.
The conduction mechanism and central mechanism of hearing
The axons of the hair cells leave the cochlea to form the auditory nerve, the 8th cranial nerve.
Basic phenomena of hearing
pitch
The frequency of sound, the frequency of human ear is 20~20000Hz
Analysis of sound frequencies by the human ear
position theory
The frequency of sound is high, and the short fibers of the basilar membrane resonate
The sound frequency is low and the long fibers of the basilar membrane resonate
frequency theory
The inner ear's basilar membrane and stapes move at the same frequency
The sound frequency is low, the number of vibrations of bone setting is small, the number of vibrations of basilar membrane is small, and the frequency of nerve impulses of hair cells is low.
neural volley theory
When the sound frequency is low, the frequency of the nerve impulse of a single hair cell can encode the high or low frequency of the sound.
When the sound frequency is higher, multiple hair cells will act according to the principle of joint activity or volley.
Audio
an auditory characteristic determined by the intensity of sound
sound masking
A sound that raises the hearing threshold due to interference from other sounds acting simultaneously
Section 4 Chemical Senses
sense of smell
The sense of smell is caused by odorous gaseous substances
The sense of smell is the only relay station among various senses that does not go through the thalamus.
Send information directly to brain centers
Taste
Suitable stimuli for taste are chemicals soluble in water
Taste receptors are taste buds located in various papillae on the tongue
The tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweet taste, while the middle, sides of the tongue, and the back of the tongue are most sensitive to salty, sour, and bitter tastes respectively.
Section 5 Somatic Senses
tactile pressure
touch
slight deformation of skin
pressure sensation
Visibly deformed skin
The face is the most sensitive part of the body to pressure, followed by the trunk, fingers, upper and lower limbs
temperature sense
Changes in skin surface temperature are suitable for stimulating temperature sensation
pain
Pain receptors, or nociceptors, are free nerve endings found on the surface of the skin and in muscles, tendons, joints, and internal organs
kinesthetic
It is an important basis for voluntary movement
Kinesthetic sense is also important in understanding the objective world
visceral sensation
Belongs to the body sense
Causes feelings of hunger, thirst, fullness, urge to defecate, nausea, pain, etc.
sense of balance
Receptors are located in the vestibular organ of the inner ear, including the semicircular canals and the vestibule.