Valence electrons are outermost electrons

Atoms reach noble gas configuration

Atoms bond together to form molecule

Lower energy state achieved

To have eight electrons in valence shell

Exceptions to octet rule

Dots represent valence electrons

Lines represent shared pairs

Charge assigned to an atom in a molecule

Measured in kilojoules per mole

Related to bond strength

Distance between nuclei of bonded atoms

Each atom gets one electron

Forms free radicals

Energy needed to overcome attraction between electrons and nuclei

One atom gains both electrons

Forms ions

Bonding electrons are closer to one atom

Involved in chemical reactions

Minimum energy required to initiate reaction

Energy released when bonds form

Energy absorbed when bonds break

Influences bond polarity and type

Related to bond length and energy

Higher temperatures increase kinetic energy

Pressure changes can affect gaseous reactions

Lower activation energy required

Do not get consumed in the reaction process