Separation technique based on differential migration

Involves application of electric field to a capillary tube

Evolution from slab gel electrophoresis

Key advancements over the years

High efficiency and resolution

Minimal sample and reagent consumption

Movement of charged particles in electric field

Affected by charge, size, and shape of molecules

Flow of liquid in capillary due to applied voltage

Key factor in analyte migration

Differences in migration speed of analytes

Role of buffer and capillary coating

Material and dimensions

Surface modification for EOF control

Range and stability of voltage

Safety considerations

UVVis absorption

Laserinduced fluorescence (LIF)

Mass spectrometry (MS) coupling

Hydrodynamic injection

Electrokinetic injection

Separation in free solution

Applications and limitations

Use of gel matrix for separation

Advantages for large biomolecules

Use of surfactants to create pseudostationary phase

Separation of neutral analytes

Separation based on isoelectric points

High resolution for proteins and peptides

DNA sequencing and genotyping

Protein analysis and characterization

Detection of pollutants and contaminants

Analysis of pesticides and herbicides

Quality control and authenticity testing

Determination of additives and vitamins

Drug purity and stability testing

Chiral separations for drug development

High separation efficiency

Fast analysis time

Low sample and solvent consumption

Limited loading capacity

Complexity in method development

Susceptibility to sample matrix effects

Development of labonachip devices

Integration with other analytical techniques

Enhanced sensitivity and selectivity

Multiplexed detection systems

Automation and highthroughput analysis

Novel capillary coatings and buffers

CE in combination with MS and NMR

CE in proteomics and metabolomics research