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MindMap Gallery Earth in the universe
Earth in the universe
This is a mind map about the Earth in the universe, including the Earth's cosmic environment, the geographical significance of rotation, the Earth's spherical structure, the Earth's evolutionary history, the geographical significance of revolution, the motion characteristics of the Earth, etc. The knowledge is clearly organized and very Practical and worth collecting.
Edited at 2024-12-05 00:33:28
- 稲盛和夫氏 私の今世の経験は、全部をまとめると、この36つだけです！
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
- 計画テンプレート - 月次計画ボード
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い：読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単：シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
- 計画テンプレート - 年間計画
2025 年度計画テンプレートは、1 年間の開発を包括的に計画するためのツールであり、今後の方向性を示すことができます。このテンプレートでは、夢の実現に向けた取り組みに役立つ、年間目標の設定、四半期目標の内訳、月次計画の策定について詳しく説明しています。
Earth in the universe
- 稲盛和夫氏 私の今世の経験は、全部をまとめると、この36つだけです！
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
- 計画テンプレート - 月次計画ボード
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い：読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単：シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
- 計画テンプレート - 年間計画
2025 年度計画テンプレートは、1 年間の開発を包括的に計画するためのツールであり、今後の方向性を示すことができます。このテンプレートでは、夢の実現に向けた取り組みに役立つ、年間目標の設定、四半期目標の内訳、月次計画の策定について詳しく説明しています。
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Chapter 23 Basic theories of psychological development Biological basis of psychological development and fetal development
Earth in the universe
Movement characteristics of the earth
Earth's rotation
Concept: The rotational motion of the Earth around its axis of rotation
Earth's axis
Earth's axis of rotation
Features: The northern end of the tilted imaginary axis always points near Polaris; Passing through the center of the earth, connecting the two poles; perpendicular to the equatorial plane.
Polaris can only be seen in the Northern Hemisphere, and its altitude angle is the local latitude.
Direction: from west to east
The apparent motion of the sun reflects the earth's rotation from west to east
When viewed from the North Pole, it rotates counterclockwise; when viewed from the South Pole, it rotates clockwise.
cycle
Solar day: 24 hours.
The Earth's day and night cycle, the Earth rotates 360 degrees and 59 minutes
Flying long distance east by plane, the sun feels shorter than 24 hours
Sidereal day: 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds
The sidereal day is the true period of the Earth's rotation, and the Earth rotates 360 degrees
rotation speed
Angular velocity: 15°/hour everywhere except the pole, 1°/4 minutes
Linear velocity: Maximum at the equator, gradually decreasing toward the poles. The angular velocity and linear velocity of the pole are both 0. The latitude is the same and the rotation speed is the same. The linear speed at the equator is 1670 kilometers per hour, and the linear speed at the 60° latitude is about half of the linear speed at the equator.
Linear velocity Vφ = V red • cosΦ at different latitudes (Φ)
Earth's revolution
Concept: Movement of the Earth around the Sun
Direction: from west to east
cycle
Tropical year (solar year): 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds
Sidereal year: 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 10 seconds
The sidereal year is the true period of the Earth's revolution
Orbit: an elliptical orbit that is approximately a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse
speed
The average angular speed of the Earth's revolution is 59 minutes per day, and the average linear speed is about 30 kilometers per second.
At the beginning of January every year, the earth is closest to the sun and is at perihelion. At the beginning of July every year, the earth is farthest from the sun and is the aphelion.
On the orbit: perihelion is farther east than the winter solstice, and aphelion is farther east than the summer solstice.
Yellow-red angle and its influence
Definition: The angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane (the Earth’s orbital plane)
Characteristics of yellow and red horns
One axis: Earth's axis
both sides
Ecliptic plane: the orbital plane of the Earth’s revolution
Equatorial plane: The plane on which the Earth rotates
three angles
Ecliptic angle: the angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane, currently about 23°26′
The angle between the earth's axis and the ecliptic plane: complementary to the angle between the ecliptic and the ecliptic, is 66°34′
The angle between the earth’s axis and the equatorial plane: 90°
Effect: Movement of the direct sun point
The return movement of the direct sun point: the round-trip movement of the direct sun point between north and south latitudes 23°26′. The cycle is a tropical year. The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer in a cycle of a tropical year. Therefore, the direct point moves about 8° of latitude every month, and it takes about 4 days to move 1°.
According to the different positions of the earth in its orbit, 24 solar terms are established, each of which lasts approximately 15 days. The special solar term is divided into two parts as shown below: Looking down from above the North Pole, when the local axis tilts to the right, the winter solstice is on the right, the summer solstice is on the left, the vernal equinox is on the top, and the autumnal equinox is on the bottom. When the earth's axis tilts to the left, the winter solstice is on the left, the summer solstice is on the right, the autumnal equinox is on the top, and the vernal equinox is on the bottom.
Lean left to the east, lean to the right to the east
geographical meaning of rotation
Day and night cycle and jet lag
day and night alternation
Cause:
①Day and night phenomena: The earth is a sphere that is neither luminous nor transparent. At the same time, the sun can only illuminate half of the earth's surface, creating day and night phenomena.
②The alternation of day and night: The alternation of day and night occurs due to the constant rotation of the earth.
Day hemisphere, night hemisphere and twilight line
①Dusk line: the dividing line between day and night hemispheres
②Sun height: the angle between the sun’s rays and the ground plane
③Day hemisphere: Sun altitude > 0°; Night hemisphere: Sun altitude < 0°; Twilight line: Sun altitude = 0°
Period: one solar day
If the earth did not rotate, the cycle of day and night would be one year.
Meaning: To prevent the day from being too hot and the night from being too cold, which is conducive to the survival and development of living organisms. The alternation of day and night affects human beings' daily routine.
Temperatures in various places change day and night, and organisms form circadian rhythms (biological clocks)
local time
The earth rotates from west to east → the same latitude line, the east side will see the sunrise earlier than the west side → the east side will see the sunrise earlier than the west side → At the same moment, places with different longitudes have different local times
law
Every 15° of longitude, the local time difference is 1 hour
For every 1° of longitude, the local time differs by four minutes
Calculation of local time: required local time = known local time ± (4 minutes × longitude difference between the two places)
(Local time) Add to the east and subtract to the west, (Difference in longitude) Subtract the same and add if the difference is different
Time zone and time zone
Time zone division
Reason: Due to different longitudes in various places, local time is also completely different. In order to overcome time confusion
Method: Adopt the partition timing method, divided into 24 time zones, each time zone spans 15° of longitude
The East 12th District and the West 12th District each span 7.5° of longitude and are combined into one time zone.
time zone
Definition: The local time on the central meridian of each time zone is used as the local time of that time zone, also known as standard time.
Rule: The time difference between two adjacent time zones is 1 hour.
international date line
Purpose: To avoid date confusion
Content: In principle, the 180° longitude is used as the dividing line
The International Date Line does not completely coincide with the 180° longitude. It has three bends to make life convenient for nearby residents.
Meaning: The dividing line between "today" and "yesterday"
Deviation in the direction of motion of an object moving horizontally along the earth's surface
produce
Earth's rotation → Geostrophic deflection force → The direction of horizontal movement of surface objects shifts
Rule: The northern hemisphere deflects to the right, the southern hemisphere deflects to the left, and there is no deflection at the equator.
Memory method, there is no north, right, south or left equator, the higher the latitude, the more significant it is.
Impact: Only changes the direction of motion of a horizontally moving object, without affecting its speed.
application
Impact on rivers (straight river channels, only geostrophic deflection force is considered. Curved river channels, concave bank erosion, convex bank sedimentation): In the Northern Hemisphere, the right bank is washed away and the left bank is deposited; in the Southern Hemisphere, the left bank is washed away and the right bank is deposited. Therefore, ports and flood control dams in the northern hemisphere are generally built on the right bank; settlements and sand dredging sites should be located on the left bank. At the same time, it affects the direction of wind, ocean currents, and the wear and tear of railway tracks.
For trains traveling in the northern hemisphere, the right rail is generally more severely worn.
The geographical significance of revolution
Changes in the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon
Changes in length of day and night
Looking at the seasonal changes in day and night length from the movement of the direct point (taking the Northern Hemisphere as an example) A The day is the longest and the night is the shortest. The Arctic Circle and the north are the polar days. A b The day becomes shorter and the range of the extreme day becomes smaller - the day becomes longer and the night becomes shorter - the day becomes longer and the range of the extreme day becomes larger a C Day and night are equal in length, and there is no end of day and night. C c The day becomes shorter, and the range of polar night becomes larger - the day becomes shorter and the night becomes longer - the day becomes longer, and the range of polar night becomes smaller d B The day is the shortest and the night is the longest. The Arctic Circle and the north are polar nights B
The latitudinal changes in the length of day and night (taking the Northern Hemisphere as an example) as seen from the inclination of the dusk line Summer half of the year → →The days are long and the nights are short in various parts of the northern hemisphere, and the higher the latitude, the longer the days and the shorter the nights. → (Northern) The days are the longest in a day in various places ← Summer Solstice Polar day occurs near the North Pole and vice versa in the Southern Hemisphere. The extreme daylight range also reaches its maximum Spring and Autumn Equinox → →Equal length of day and night around the world Winter half of the year → →The days are short and the nights are long in various parts of the northern hemisphere, and the higher the latitude, the shorter the days and the longer the nights. →(North) The nights are the longest in the year in various places←Winter Solstice Polar night occurs near the North Pole and vice versa in the Southern Hemisphere. The polar night range also reaches its maximum
Noon sun height
Sun altitude and noon sun altitude
Sun altitude: refers to the intersection angle between the sun's incident rays and the ground plane, called the sun altitude angle, or solar altitude for short. The maximum height of the sun is 90°
Noon solar height: The maximum solar height in a day occurs at noon, which is called the noon solar height.
How to calculate the height of the sun at noon
Formula: H=90°-the latitude difference between two points. →Same subtraction and different addition Note: H is the height of the sun at noon at the observation point. Two points: direct sunlight point and observation point. Latitude difference: If two points are in the same hemisphere, subtract the low latitude from the high latitude; if the two points belong to the southern and northern hemispheres, sum the latitudes of the two points.
Changes in the height of the sun at noon
The law of change in space (latitude): It decreases from the latitude of the direct sun point to the south and north. The closer the distance to the direct point (the smaller the latitude difference), the greater the height of the sun at noon.
Summer Solstice: The height of the sun at noon decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south. Winter Solstice: The height of the sun at noon decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south. Spring and Autumn Equinox: The height of the sun at noon decreases from the equator to the north and south.
The changing pattern of the height of the sun at noon
Latitude distribution law: the height of the noon sun at the latitude line where the sun shines directly is 90°. The further away from the latitude line, the smaller the noon sun height is. →Big near and small far
Seasonal changes: Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, when the direct point of the sun moves toward a certain latitude, the height of the sun at noon on that latitude gradually increases, and vice versa. At and north of the Tropic of Cancer, from the winter solstice to the summer solstice, the height of the noon sun increases; from the summer solstice to the winter solstice, the height of the noon sun decreases. The Tropic of Capricorn and its south are opposite. →Come to increase or decrease
Annual change pattern: ① Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer: The higher the latitude, the greater the change in the height of the sun at noon (from 23°26′ to 46°52′). It is 23°26′ at the equator and 46°52′ at the Tropic of Cancer. ②Between the Tropic of Tropic and the Polar Circle (temperate zone): the sun’s height changes at the same angle at noon (both 46°52′). ③ From the polar circle to the pole (cold zone): the higher the latitude, the smaller the change in the height of the sun at noon (from 46°52′ to 23°26′). It is 46°52′ on the polar circle and 23°26 at the pole. '
The maximum height of the sun at noon
Between the Tropic of Cancer and the South
Maximum value: direct sunlight
Minimum value: when the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Tropic in the opposite hemisphere
Tropic of Cancer and north of it
Maximum value: summer solstice
Minimum value: Winter Solstice
Tropic of Capricorn and its south
Maximum value: Winter Solstice
Minimum value: summer solstice
application
Calculation of the noon shadow of a vertical object
Shadow length = object height × cotH (H is the altitude angle of the noon sun)
Calculate the distance between buildings (taking mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere as an example)
Minimum building spacing (L) = height of front building (h) × cotH (H is the minimum altitude angle of the sun at noon, that is, the height of the sun at noon on the winter solstice)
indoor lighting
In a year, when the height of the sun is at its minimum at noon, the indoor lighting area is the largest; when the sun is at its maximum height at noon, the indoor lighting area is the smallest.
Sun visor application
In areas north of the Tropic of Cancer, the area of the room illuminated by sunlight is the smallest on the summer solstice, and the area illuminated by the sun is the largest on the winter solstice. The longer the length of the sun visor, the larger the sun shading area and the smaller the area of sunlight entering the room; the lower the installation height of the sun visor, the larger the sun shading area and the smaller the area of sunlight entering the room.
Memory Tip: The principle of a sun visor is similar to that of a peaked cap. The lower the peaked cap is pressed, the longer the brim is and the more it blocks the face.
Water heater installation angle
The angle α between the solar water heater collector plate and the ground and the local noon sun altitude angle H are mutually supplementary, α + H = 90°
Installation angle = the latitude difference between the local latitude and the latitude of the direct sun point
Note: On the spring and autumn equinoxes, the best effect is achieved when the water heater is installed at the local latitude.
Determine the length and direction of the sun's shadow
The shadow of an object at the direct point of the sun shortens to 0; the greater the height of the sun at noon, the shorter the sun shadow; conversely, the longer the sun shadow. Noon is the time of day when the sun's shadow is the shortest.
The sun's shadow always faces away from the sun. In areas north of the Tropic of Cancer, the noon solar shadow faces true north all year round (except for the North Pole). The solar shadow is the longest on the winter solstice and the shortest on the summer solstice. In the area south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the noon solar shadow faces due south all year round (except for the South Pole). The solar shadow is the longest on the summer solstice and the shortest on the winter solstice. In the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, the solar shadow at noon faces due south on the summer solstice, and faces due north on the winter solstice. The sun shadow is the shortest (equal to 0) when it is direct.
Judgment of the relationship between the height of the sun at noon H, pole height h and pole shadow length L
Basis: tanH=h/L (shadow length is negatively related to the height of the noon sun)
The height of the sun at noon somewhere is H=45°, h=L
The height of the sun at noon somewhere is H＞45°, h＞L
The height of the sun at noon in a certain place is H＜45°, h＜L
Sunrise and sunset directions
Non-polar day and polar night areas
The direct point of the sun is at the equator: it rises due east and sets due west around the world (at the pole, the sun is on the horizon all day long, without rising or setting)
The sun shines directly in the Northern Hemisphere: the global sun rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest
The sun shines directly in the Southern Hemisphere: the global sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest
Extreme day and extreme night areas
In the polar day zone within the Arctic Circle, the sun rises due north and sets due north. No rise or fall at the North Pole
In the polar day zone within the Antarctic Circle, the sun rises due south and sets due south. No rise or fall at the South Pole
Noon sun position
In the area north of the direct point, the sun is due south at noon
South of the direct point, the sun is due north at noon
In the area where the direct point is located, the sun is directly overhead at noon
Morning and afternoon sun position
Area north of the Tropic of Cancer: southeast in the morning, southwest in the afternoon
Area south of the Tropic of Capricorn: northeast in the morning, northwest in the afternoon
Between the Tropics: Look at the position of the sun
The change of seasons and the division of five zones
Cause: The time and space changes in the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon form the four seasons. Solar radiation decreases regularly from low latitudes to high latitudes, and can be divided into five zones accordingly.
Changes in heat caused by the north-south movement of the sun's direct point are responsible for the four seasons
changing of seasons
Spring - Transition Season (Astronomical Four Seasons) - March, April, May (Climate Four Seasons)
Summer - the season with the longest days and the highest sun at noon - June, July and August
Autumn - Transition Season - September, October, November
Winter - the season with the shortest days and the lowest sun at noon - December, January and February
Five belt divisions
Taking the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle as boundaries, the earth's surface can be roughly divided into the tropics, the north temperate zone, the south temperate zone, the north frigid zone and the south frigid zone.
Divide based on: whether there is direct sunlight and whether there is polar day and night.
Earth's evolutionary history
strata
Rocks are divided into igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks according to their origin.
Concept: layered rocks in chronological order
Sedimentary rock formation characteristics
① It has an obvious bedding structure. Generally, the layer deposited first is at the bottom and the layer deposited later is at the top.
②The layer may contain fossils
③Strata of the same era often contain the same or similar fossils; the older the strata, the lower, simpler, and biological fossils they are.
Stratigraphic sequence method to determine the relationship between new and old sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks under old and new above
Magmatic rocks formed later than the rock formations they cut through
High temperature and high pressure near intrusive rocks are prone to metamorphism, forming metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks are later than intrusive rocks.
Strata and fossils are the pages and words that record the history of the Earth
Research significance to understand the life history and ancient environment of the earth
Red rock layers indicate oxidative environment
Black shale containing pyrite indicates a reducing environment
Coral fossils indicate clear, warm, shallow sea environment
Broken shells indicate coastal environment
geological history period
Hadean Eon Archaean Eon Proterozoic Eon (541 million years ago)
Precambrian
Formation of oceans and land, changes in atmospheric composition
Organic matter appeared in the Hadean eon Cyanobacteria appeared in the Archean Eon Proterozoic cyanobacterial explosion
important mineralization period
Phanerozoic
Paleozoic Era (541 million years ago to 252 million years ago)
The crustal movement was violent, and the sea-land pattern changed many times, finally forming a combined ancient continent. Important coal-forming period
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Early Paleozoic Era (541 million to 419 million years ago)
Lower plants appear on land
Marine invertebrates flourish
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Late Paleozoic Era (419 million to 66 million years ago)
Gymnosperms begin to appear and ferns flourish
Marine vertebrates flourish, Amphibians appeared and gradually evolved into reptiles, 95% of species will disappear in the final stage
Mesozoic Era
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Main coal-forming period
The plate movement was violent, and the United Ancient Continent began to separate
Gymnosperms thrive
Reptiles prevailed, birds appeared, and small mammals appeared
new generation
Paleogene
Neogene
Quaternary
The United Ancient Continent disintegrated and the crustal movement was violent, forming the current basic appearance.
Angiosperms are highly abundant
Mammals developed rapidly, and humans appeared in the Quaternary Period
Earth's spherical structure
Classification basis: changes in seismic wave propagation speed
Characteristics and classification of seismic waves
Longitudinal wave (P wave)
The direction of vibration is consistent with the direction of propagation
Spread quickly Can spread in solids, liquids and gases
Transverse wave (S wave)
The vibration direction is perpendicular to the propagation direction
Spread slowly Can only spread on solid bodies
Common features and features
The speed of propagation varies with the properties of the material passing through it
Longitudinal waves bump up and down, and transverse waves sway left and right.
When an earthquake occurs, people on land feel first bumping up and down, and then shaking left and right. The crew on the ship on the sea felt like it was going up and down
Two discontinuous interfaces
Moho interface
The continental surface is located at an average of 33 kilometers
Both longitudinal and transverse waves increased significantly
The interface between crust and mantle
Gutenberg interface
About 2,900 kilometers underground
The longitudinal wave suddenly decreases and the transverse wave completely disappears.
The interface between mantle and core
Characteristics of the Earth’s inner sphere structure
The inner layers of the Earth are similar to egg shells (crust), egg whites (mantle), and egg yolks (core).
Earth's outer structure
The Earth's outer sphere includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, etc. These circles are interconnected and penetrate each other, and together they constitute the natural environment on which human beings need to survive and develop.
Atmosphere: composed of gases and suspended matter, mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Function: ∠ Moderate temperature changes on the earth. ② Provide oxygen necessary for biological survival. ③Weather phenomena affect human activities
Hydrosphere (continuous but irregular circle): a general term for various forms of water bodies on the surface and near the surface, composed of ocean and land water Function: Material migration and energy exchange; indispensable for biological survival and development
Biosphere (the most active layer in the natural geographical environment system): A general term for organisms on the Earth's surface in the thin contact zone between the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Function: Transforming the surface morphology and affecting the development of the geographical environment
Earth's cosmic environment
Celestial bodies and celestial systems
celestial body
Concept: the existence form of matter in the universe
the sum of time, space and matter
Common types: nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids, interplanetary materials and artificial satellites, etc.
Celestial bodies are divided into natural celestial bodies and artificial celestial bodies
恒星和星云是最基本的天体
哈雷彗星，公转周期为76年
Characteristics of major celestial bodies
nebula
Made of gas and dust
The main substance is hydrogen
The largest volume and mass
Most cannot shine on their own
cloudy appearance
star
Made of hot gases (hydrogen and helium)
Large size and mass
Can shine by itself
Spherical or spherical, bright and flashing
planet
The planets are obviously moving when seen on Earth
Composed of rocks, gases, etc.
Small size and mass
Can't shine by itself
Bright without flickering
It does not emit light itself, but shines by reflecting the light of the star.
meteoroid
Composed of dust and small solid pieces
Small size and mass
Can't shine by itself
meteor phenomenon
comet
Composed of gas and dust
Small size and mass
Can't shine by itself
Glowing "broom" star
Celestial system
There are four levels
observable universe
Extragalactic galaxy (partial)
Milky Way
It is about 100,000 light years in diameter, and the sun is about 26,000 light years away from the center.
solar system
The distance between the sun and the earth is about 150 million kilometers, and the mass of the sun accounts for 99.86% of the entire solar system.
Earth-moon system
The distance between the moon and the earth is about 384,000 kilometers, and the moon’s rotation and revolution period is 27.3 days.
The commonality and particularity of the earth
Ordinaryness: Compared with other planets in terms of distance from the sun, mass, volume, density, rotation and revolution periods, average surface temperature, etc., the Earth has nothing special. They are all approximately spherical celestial bodies that do not emit their own light and are opaque.
Speciality: The only planet with advanced intelligent life
conditions for life
External: ∠ The sun is in its prime and stable → stable sunlight ②Both large and small planets go their own way and do not disturb each other → a safe cosmic environment
Interior: ① The distance between the sun and the earth is moderate, the earth’s revolution and rotation period are moderate → suitable temperature conditions ②The earth’s size and mass are moderate → atmospheric conditions suitable for biological survival ③Suitable temperature conditions → presence of liquid water
Atmospheric conditions: aerobic environment Liquid water: water formation and primordial oceans
Expansion: Other conditions also have a certain impact on the existence of life on earth (1) The magnetic field shields most of the harmful radiation from high-altitude cosmic rays (2) The moon blocks the attacks of small celestial bodies, ensures the stability of the tilt of the earth's axis, and generates tides (3) The earth’s moderate rotation and revolution cycles make the earth’s temperature suitable for daily and annual temperature ranges.
Sun Profile
Composition: Huge, hot gas planet
Main ingredients: hydrogen and helium
Surface temperature: about 6000K
solar radiation
Concept: The sun continuously radiates energy into the universe in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Energy source: Nuclear fusion inside the sun
Influencing factors
latitude factor
Generally, the intensity of solar radiation decreases from low latitude to high latitude (the lower the latitude, the greater the solar altitude angle, and generally the more solar radiation is obtained)
day length factor
Generally, the longer the day, the more solar radiation (the longer the day, the longer the sunshine hours)
Topographic factors
Generally, the higher the terrain, the stronger the solar radiation (the higher the terrain, the thinner the atmosphere, the higher the transparency, and the more solar radiation reaching the ground)
weather factors
Sunny days, strong solar radiation (weak atmospheric weakening effect, long sunshine hours)
distributed
The total annual solar radiation is unevenly distributed around the world
The maximum value of global annual solar radiation does not occur in the equatorial region, but in the desert areas near the Tropic of Cancer and the Tibetan Plateau.
spatial distribution
Distribution at different latitudes: decreasing from low latitudes to high latitudes
Distribution at the same latitude: increasing from the coast to the inland; solar radiation is strong in high terrain and weak in low terrain
time distribution
Solar radiation is stronger in summer than in winter
impact on earth
①Provides light and heat to the earth and maintains surface temperature
② It is the main driving force for water, atmosphere, movement and life activities on the earth
③Provide energy for human life and production
Directly absorbed and converted into heat energy
Captured and stored into heat energy, electricity, etc.
Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are solar energy fixed and accumulated by organisms during geological history.
Wind energy and water energy are also conversion forms of solar energy
solar activity
solar atmosphere
From the inside to the outside, it is divided into photosphere, chromosphere and coronal layer (brightness ↓, thickness ↑, temperature ↑)
Main types
Sunspots, solar flares, solar decoys, coronal mass ejections, solar wind
Sunspots and solar flares are important signs of solar activity
Period: 11 years Relevance: Years and regions where sunspots are enhanced are also years and regions where solar flares and coronal mass ejection activities are intense.
Sunspot: black spot (temperature is lower than the surrounding) (photosphere)
The number and size of sunspots can be used as a sign of the strength of solar activity
Solar flares: large, bright patches (Chromosphere)
Prominence: arc-shaped (Chromosphere)
coronal mass ejection corona
The largest and most violent solar activity phenomenon
Cause: The corona has the highest temperature and the smallest gravitational pull from the sun
impact on earth
Impact on Earth's climate
The number of sunspots increases, solar activity is strong, and regional precipitation is abnormal, affecting the climate.
Disturbing the Earth's Ionosphere Affects Radio Shortwave Communications
Solar flares erupt, electromagnetic waves enter the ionosphere, and the ionosphere is disturbed, interfering with short-wave radio communications.
Disturbance of Earth's magnetic field (magnetic storm)
The magnetic needle cannot indicate the direction normally
Pigeon lost lost due to solar activity
produce aurora
Strong solar activity causes high-energy charged particles to rush into the high altitudes of the poles and rub against the thin atmosphere, producing auroras.
Auroras appear in the upper atmosphere
Interfere with electronic equipment and threaten the safety of spacecraft in space
Strengthen the observation and forecast of solar activities to minimize the possible adverse effects of solar activities
How to calculate the length of day and night
The length of day (night) = the number of arc degrees of day (night)/15°
① Day length = sunset time - sunrise time; ② Day length = (12 - sunrise time) × 2; ③ Day length = (sunset time - 12) × 2; ④ Night length = 24 - day length Note: The sunrise and sunset times in formula ① do not need to be local time, as long as they are standardized. The sunrise and sunset times in formulas ②③ must be in local time.
Calculated based on correlation: ① The day length is the same in areas with the same latitude; ② For two places located in the northern and southern hemispheres but with the same latitude, the day length in one place is equal to the night length in the other hemisphere at the same latitude. →The symmetry of day and night
On two days that are symmetrical about the winter and summer solstice, the direct sun point is in the same position, and day and night are the same; on two days that are symmetrical about the spring and autumn equinoxes, the direct sun point is in different hemispheres, but with the same latitude, and day and night are opposite.
time zone
The relationship between the time zone central meridian and the time zone number: time zone central meridian = time zone number × 15°
Commonly used time zones: Beijing time (East 8th zone), International Standard Time (Central time zone), United States time (West 5th zone), Japan time (Eastern 9th zone), British time (Central time zone), Australian time (Eastern 10th zone)
date line
Natural date line: the 0 hour longitude, moving from east to west. When crossing 0 from west to east, the longitude will add one day; when crossing 0 from east to west, the longitude will subtract one day.
Artificial Date Line: The International Date Line (roughly coinciding with the 180-degree longitude). Crossing the International Date Line from west to east will cost you one day, and crossing the International Date Line from east to west will add one day.
Calculation of zone time
Time zone calculation
Formula: X ÷ 15° = n + △ ( Explanation: ∠ When △＜7.5°, the number of time zones is n; when △＞7.5°, the number of time zones is (n+1); when △=7.5°, the place is exactly on the central meridian of the time zone. ②X is the east (west) longitude and n is the east (west) time zone.
Calculation of zone time
The formula Tm=Tn±m,n is the time zone difference between the two places. (When Tm is the desired area, and Tn is the known area, ± add to the east and subtract to the west) Explanation: ① "East + West -" ② The same area is subtracted and different areas are added. ③Tm>24, then the time zone is minus 24 hours, and the date is plus one day. ④Tm＜0, the time zone is plus 24 hours, and the date is minus one day.
Cleverly calculate the time associated with your trip
Just calculate the district time or local time first and then add the travel time
If an airplane takes off from A at a certain time on a certain day, flies for m hours, and lands at B, find the time at B when the airplane lands. Calculation formula: time in place B when landing = time in place A when taking off + time (zone) difference + travel time (m hours) (Note: The selection principle for addition and subtraction is to add in the east and subtract in the west)
Characteristics of the morning and evening lines
The twilight line is the great circle passing through the center of the sphere that bisects the earth.
The plane of the twilight line is always perpendicular to the sun's rays
Each point on the dusk line is the sunrise point, and each point on the dusk line is the sunset point.
The dawn-evening line intersects the equator and always bisects the equator, that is, the equator bisects day and night throughout the year, and its intersection with the equator is at 6:00 and 18:00
The longitude that bisects the daytime hemisphere, and the local time is 12 o'clock, which is the noon longitude. The longitude that bisects the night hemisphere, and the local time is 24 o'clock, which is the midnight longitude.
The angle between the dusk line and the longitude ranges from 0° to 23°26′, and the angle is equal to the latitude of the direct sun point. The morning and evening lines on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes coincide with the longitude, and the angle between the time and the longitude on the summer and winter solstice is 23°26′
The morning and evening line moves from east to west at a speed of 15 degrees per hour
The equinox lines coincide with the meridians and bisect all latitudinal lines. The morning and evening circles on the second solstice are tangent to the polar circles.
Notice
The degree of the angle between the yellow and the red = the degree of the Tropic of Cancer
The yellow-red intersection angle becomes larger (smaller): ① The range of tropical and cold zones becomes larger (smaller), and the range of temperate zones becomes smaller (larger) ②The range of polar day and night becomes larger (smaller) ③The movement speed of the direct hit point becomes faster (slower) ④The range of changes in day and night length becomes larger (smaller) in winter and summer ⑤The height difference between the midday sun in winter and summer becomes larger (smaller) ⑥The temperature in the northern hemisphere becomes lower (higher) in winter
The degree of the polar circle (the angle between the earth's axis and the ecliptic plane) = 90° - the degree of the ecliptic angle
① If there is direct radiation between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, it is a tropical zone. ② There are extreme day and night phenomena within the Arctic and Antarctic circles, which is the cold zone
expand
The number of polar day days in the Arctic > The number of polar day days in the Antarctic. The number of polar day days in the Arctic (>186 days) > the number of polar day days in the Antarctic (179 days) is caused by the difference in the earth's revolution speed. During extreme daylight in the Northern Hemisphere, the Earth is located near aphelion and its revolution speed is slow; during extreme daytime in the Southern Hemisphere, the Earth is located near perihelion and its revolution speed is fast.
The law of linear velocity of rotation on the earth’s surface
latitude
The lower the latitude, the greater the linear speed
The higher the latitude, the smaller the linear speed
altitude
The higher the altitude, the greater the linear speed
The lower the altitude, the smaller the linear speed
Proof example: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The stars move in circles around the North Star; Foucault's Pendulum
Determining the direction of the earth's rotation
Judging from the North and South Pole: North goes against the South and goes along
Judging from the longitude and latitude: the increasing direction of east longitude is consistent with the direction of rotation. The direction of increase in west longitude is opposite to the direction of rotation
The direction of the earth's rotation, the direction pointed by the arrow is always east
Applications of seismic waves
Use seismic waves to study the internal structure of the earth, the distribution of mineral resources and oil and gas resources, and the complex structure of near-surface strata related to large-scale engineering construction.
Applications in oil field development. Determine the lithology, physical properties and gas-bearing properties of the storage being studied by studying seismic waves
Longitudinal waves propagate quickly and can propagate through solid, liquid, and gaseous states. However, transverse waves propagate slowly and can only propagate through solids. Therefore, the distribution of liquid oil can be determined
Engineering Detection. Commonly used seismic CT for civil engineering exploration
Summary: The evolutionary history of the Earth’s environment
The evolution of land and sea
The formation of the Earth and the emergence of primitive oceans
Paleozoic Era, forming a united ancient continent
In the Mesozoic Era, plate movements were violent, the ancient joint roads disintegrated, and the continents drifted
Cenozoic Era, forming the modern sea and land distribution pattern
The evolution of the atmosphere
The original atmosphere was mainly composed of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and ammonia, lacking oxygen
The main components of the modern atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen
The reason for evolution is that plants (cyanobacteria) absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis.
evolution of living things
animal evolution
The initial stages of animal gestation, germination and development→Invertebrate Era→Fish Animal Era→ The Age of Amphibians → The Age of Reptiles → The Age of Mammals → The Age of Humans
plant changes
The age of marine algae → the age of ferns → the age of gymnosperms → the age of angiosperms
Replenish
Coal is associated with ferns flourishing, forming dense forests
At the end of the Paleozoic Era, more than 60% of marine invertebrate species became extinct. Primitive fish and ancient amphibians among vertebrates have also become extinct. Significant decline in ferns
A mass extinction event occurred at the end of the Mesozoic Era. Including dinosaurs, more than 50% of invertebrate species in the ocean have become extinct
During the Quaternary Period, the world experienced several alternations of cold and warm periods.
Location factors for photovoltaic power station construction
Mainly depends on solar resources and market conditions
(1) Topographic conditions: The construction of photovoltaic power stations covers a large area, requiring flat and broad terrain and stable geological conditions.
(2) Good weather conditions: sunny weather, sufficient sunlight, and strong solar radiation
(3) Good industrial basic conditions: the development of the photovoltaic industry requires a large amount of photovoltaic silicon wafers, photovoltaic cells and related components
(4) Government policy support: The state provides strong subsidies to reduce installation costs
(5) Close to economically developed areas with large energy demand
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy Compared with Fossil Energy
Advantages: Large reserves, clean and renewable; alleviate energy tension; improve atmospheric environment
Disadvantages: Greatly affected by seasons and weather; high financial and technical requirements; scattered distribution; large area
High-value center and low-value center of annual solar radiation in my country
(1) my country’s annual high solar radiation center - Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
The terrain is high in altitude, the air is thin, and atmospheric visibility is high
Weather: More sunny days and longer sunshine hours
(2) my country’s annual low solar radiation center – Sichuan Basin
Terrain: basin terrain, water vapor is not easy to escape
Weather: cloudy and foggy days, short sunshine duration and low sunshine intensity
Analysis on location selection of satellite launch base and recycling site
Launch base selection conditions
①Meteorological conditions: more sunny days, fewer rainy days, low wind speed and low humidity, which is conducive to launch
②Latitude factor: low latitude and high rotation speed can save fuel costs
③Topographic factors: The terrain is flat and open, which is conducive to tracking and observation
④Sea and land factors: The interior of the mainland has good meteorological conditions, strong concealment, sparsely populated areas, and strong safety; there are few human activities at sea and strong safety
⑤Transportation conditions: Convenient water and land transportation, which is conducive to bulk cargo transportation
⑥Safety factors: For national defense and security considerations, some are built in mountainous and desert areas, and some are built in sparsely populated areas.
Launch time, direction and recovery site location
① Launch time: Generally choose a clear and cloudless night during the day, mainly to facilitate positioning and tracking. my country's launch time: mainly chooses autumn and winter to facilitate the monitoring, management and recovery of satellites by the aerospace measurement and control network. Our country has many "Yuanwang" monitoring ships in the waters with higher latitudes in the southern hemisphere. The reason for choosing the launch in autumn and winter is to avoid the harsh sea conditions in the southern hemisphere.
② Launch direction: Generally consistent with the direction of the earth's rotation. Launching to the east can make full use of the linear speed of rotation and save energy.
③Location factors of the space return base: a. Flat and open, with stable geology. b. Sparsely populated, sparse cities, and good security. c There are no big rivers, lakes, and few forest areas. d Meteorological conditions: less precipitation, high air visibility, fewer clouds, safe landing of the spacecraft and easy rescue.
Distribution of my country’s four major space launch bases
Xichang, Sichuan (about 28°N, 102°E), Jiuquan, Gansu (about 40°N, 98°E), Taiyuan, Shanxi (about 38°N, 112°E), Wenchang, Hainan (about 20°N, 110°E)
The "four views" can be used to analyze the survival conditions of life materials in a certain celestial body.
Check whether the space environment is safe and stable
See if there is an atmosphere suitable for living creatures to breathe
See if there is a suitable temperature
Check to see if there is liquid water
They are also divided into inner planets (with transit phenomena) and extraterrestrial planets (with opposition phenomena)
planet earth
Sun-Mercury-Venus-Earth-Mars-Asteroid Belt-Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune
Movement characteristics
Isotropic: the direction of revolution around the sun is from west to east
Coplanarity: The orbital planes are almost in the same plane
Nearly circularity: the orbit is approximately circular
Classification
Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
closer to the sun
Giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn
Huge in size
Far-solar planets: Uranus, Neptune
far from the sun
Moon phases
Face south, back north, left, east, right, west
New moon 🌑 (first day and thirtieth day of the lunar month), rising in the morning and setting in the evening ↓Emeiyue🌒 The waxing moon 🌓 (the seventh and eighth day of the lunar month) rises at noon and sets at night ↓ Waxing gibbous moon Full moon 🌕 (fifteenth, sixteenth), rising in the evening and setting in the morning ↓waning gibbous moon Last quarter moon 🌗 (twenty-two, twenty-three), night rises and noon sets ↓Emeiyue🌒
Formula: Up, up, west, down, down, east.
How to judge celestial bodies
Is it located outside the Earth's atmosphere?
Is it matter in the universe?
Whether it runs alone on a certain track