MindMap Gallery Acid-base poisoning mind map
A summary of pathophysiology and acid-base poisoning thinking diagrams. This brain diagram can help you familiarize yourself with the key points of knowledge and enhance your memory. Students in need can save it.
Edited at 2024-12-06 17:54:44Find a streamlined guide created using EdrawMind, showcasing the Lemon 8 registration and login flow chart. This visual tool facilitates an effortless journey for American users to switch from TikTok to Lemon 8, making the transition both intuitive and rapid. Ideal for those looking for a user-centric route to Lemon 8's offerings, our flow chart demystifies the registration procedure and emphasizes crucial steps for a hassle-free login.
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い:読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単:シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
Find a streamlined guide created using EdrawMind, showcasing the Lemon 8 registration and login flow chart. This visual tool facilitates an effortless journey for American users to switch from TikTok to Lemon 8, making the transition both intuitive and rapid. Ideal for those looking for a user-centric route to Lemon 8's offerings, our flow chart demystifies the registration procedure and emphasizes crucial steps for a hassle-free login.
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い:読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単:シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
acid-base poisoning
metabolic acidosis
Causes and Mechanisms
Kidney acid excretion and alkali retention dysfunction
HCO3-Excessive loss, such as diarrhea, intestinal fistula, large area burns
metabolic dysfunction
Excessive production of fixed acids: lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis
Other causes: ① Excessive intake of exogenous fixed acid: aspirin; ② Hyperkalemia; ③ Hemodilution
Classification
AG increased acidification (normal blood chloride acidification)
Plasma HCO3-decreased, AG↑, blood Cl-normal
AG normal type of acidification (blood chloride increased type of acidification)
Plasma HCO3- decreased, AG was normal, blood Cl-↑
body's compensatory regulation
Blood buffering system, lung regulation, tissue cell regulation, kidney regulation
Effects on the body
cardiovascular system
Arrhythmia
H —K exchange ↑→hyperkalemia
weakened myocardial contractility
H ↑
Influences the uptake, storage and release of Ca2 by the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiomyocytes
Competitively inhibits the binding of Ca2 to cardiac troponin subunits and inhibits myocardial excitation-contraction coupling.
Affects Ca2 influx
Decreased vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
central nervous system
Skeletal system, respiratory system, urine
respiratory acidosis
Causes and Mechanisms
hypoventilation
Respiratory center depression, airway obstruction, respiratory muscle paralysis, thoracic lesions, and lung diseases
Poor ventilation
Too much CO2 inhalation
Classification
acute respiratory acidosis
Chronic respiratory acidosis (CO2 retention >24h)
body's compensatory regulation
Regulation of tissue cells, regulation of kidneys
Effects on the body
Same as antacid, but CNS symptoms are more obvious
metabolic alkalosis
Causes and Mechanisms
Excessive acid loss (most common)
Loss of H through the stomach: severe vomiting, aspiration of gastric juice Loss of H through the kidneys: long-term use of diuretics, excessive adrenocortical hormones
HCO3-overload
Excessive intake of alkaline drugs, blood storage, dehydration and loss of only water and NaCl
hypokalemia
Classification
Saline-reactive alkalosis (hypochloremic type, low circulating blood volume)
Seen in vomiting, loss of gastric juice
Saline-resistant alkalosis (without hypochloremia, heavy fluid load)
Seen in alkalosis caused by increased mineralocorticoids
body's compensatory regulation
Blood buffering system, lung regulation, tissue cell regulation, kidney regulation
Effects on the body
CNS
Excitability manifestations: irritability, confusion
Increased nerve and muscle excitability
numbness in limbs Accompanied by hypokalemia → Muscle weakness and paralysis (no convulsions yet)
hypokalemia
Prevention and control
Reactivity
Normal saline, potassium chloride, acid supplement
resistance
Carbonic anhydrase, Acetazolamide
respiratory alkalosis
Causes and Mechanisms
Hyperventilation
Hypoxemia and lung disease, direct stimulation of the respiratory center or mental over-ventilation, strong body metabolism, improper use of artificial ventilator → excessive CO2 emissions
Classification
Acute: Commonly seen in improper use of artificial ventilators, high fever, and hypoxemia
Chronic (decrease in arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure >24 hours): common in lung diseases and chronic brain diseases
body's compensatory regulation
Regulation of tissue cells (quick), regulation of kidneys (slow)
Effects on the body
Acute is similar to alkali substitution ①CNS ② Hypocalcium convulsions ③Hypokalemia ④The hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left