Life gradually evolved from a simple single-cell organism. After a long period of time, primates began to evolve into humans under specific environments. Australopithecus has the ability to walk upright, laying the foundation for subsequent evolution; it can increase the capacity of the human brain and create simple tools; Homo erectus learns to use fire to expand living space and food sources.

Comparison of the discovery locations and characteristics of human fossils at different stages, such as the significance of Lucy fossils in the study of Australopithecus.

Using stone making as the main tool, hunting through tracking, hunting, etc., collecting plant-based foods such as fruits, rhizomes and stems. The group size is usually around 20-50 people, and they live in small groups of mobile phones to facilitate access to food resources. The division of labor between men and women is clear, men are responsible for hunting large animals, and women are engaged in collecting, taking care of children and camp matters.

It has simple language for communication and collaboration, and art forms such as rock paintings and sculptures show the early human spiritual world and observation records of life.

With the ability to adapt to different environments, human beings have gradually spread from Africa to the world, constantly adapting to the new environment during the migration process, accumulating rich survival experience, and providing a foundation for subsequent civilization development.

A unique way for food collectors in different regions to adapt to the environment, such as the life of Inuit in the Arctic.

After the end of the last ice age, the climate became warmer and humid, and the population growth increased the pressure on food collection, prompting humans to try to domesticate animals and plants. Due to its unique climate and geographical conditions, Fertile Crescent Land was the first to domesticate wheat, goats, etc.; China independently domesticate rice and pigs; and Central America domesticate corn and turkey.

Explore evidence of the origin of agriculture in various regions, such as carbonized seeds and domesticated animal bones discovered by archaeologically.

Master planting techniques and sow, irrigate, harvest wheat, rice, corn and other crops according to the season. Domestic livestock such as pigs, cattle, and sheep for consumption, labor and sacrifice. Invented grinding stone tools to improve production efficiency; developed irrigation technology to ensure crop growth.

Comparing the differences in agricultural production tools and technologies in different regions, such as China's plows and Western plows.

Settlement life forms a stable village and houses have diverse forms. The social division of labor was refined, and specialized craftsmen, priests, etc. appeared. Private ownership emerged, the gap between the rich and the poor intensified, and tribal leaders emerged. In the early stages of religious development, worship rituals of natural gods and ancestors appeared.

Give examples to illustrate the layout and social structure of typical Neolithic villages, such as the Banpo site.

The regular flooding of the Nile brought fertile soil and nurtured ancient Egyptian civilization. Pharaoh was regarded as the incarnation of God, possessing absolute power, and governing the country through a huge bureaucratic system. The pyramid is a pharaoh's tomb, demonstrating superb architectural skills; mummy production reflects advanced medical anti-corrosion technology. Hieroglyphs are used by priests to record religious, political and economic affairs.

Taking the Khufu pyramid as an example, we explain the construction process and significance and interpret typical hieroglyphic documents.

Many city-states were born in the Mesopotamian Basin, such as Ur and Uruk. The Code of Hammurabi is the world's first relatively complete statutory code, covering all aspects of social life and safeguarding the interests of the slave owner class. Cuneiform characters are carved on clay boards by reed poles and are used for commercial contracts, legal provisions, literary creation, etc.

Analyze typical provisions in the code and display real pictures of cuneiform clay boards.

The city is neatly planned, the streets are grid-shaped and have advanced drainage systems. Mohenzo-Darro and Harapa are important urban ruins. The seal text has not been completely cracked so far and may be used for commercial logos and religious sacrifices. Religion has a wide impact on social life, and there may be worship of the mother god and the bull.

Show the restoration map of civilized cities in the Indus River Basin and explore the progress of cracking seal text.

Oracle bone inscriptions are divination words engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones, reflecting the political, economic and cultural conditions of the Shang Dynasty. The bronze casting technology has reached its peak, and large bronzes such as Simuwu Ding have exquisite craftsmanship. The feudal system was implemented, and the Zhou emperor divided the land and people to the princes, and the princes assumed corresponding obligations. Agriculture is the economic foundation, and crops such as millet, sorghum, and rice are planted.

Interpret important events recorded in oracle bone scripts and analyze the artistic style and cultural connotation of bronze ware.

The city-state is the basic political unit of Greece. Athenian democratic politics develops, and citizens can participate in political decision-making, but women, slaves, and Gentiles are excluded. Philosophical thoughts flourished, and philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle discussed issues such as ethics, politics, and science. Literary "Homera's Epic" is an immortal classic, and drama occupies an important position in Athenian social life. Artistically carving and architecture pursue the beauty and harmonious proportion of human body, and the Parthenon is the representative of architecture. The science field has made remarkable achievements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, etc.

Taking Athens' democratic political voting procedures as an example to illustrate its operation and analyze Plato's "Ideal Country" thought.

Rome developed from a republic to an empire. During the Republic period, the Senate, the consul, and the citizen assembly implemented a system of checks and balances. With the expansion of territory, Octavian established the head of state and Rome entered the era of empire. The legal system is constantly being improved. The Twelve Copper Table Laws are the first written law in Rome, and the Law of All People is applicable to people of all ethnic groups in Rome. Military power was strong in the Roman legion and established a huge empire through conquest. In terms of architecture, there are magnificent buildings such as the Pantheon of Rome and the Colosseum, and engineering technology such as roads and bridges are well developed.

Analyze the influence of Roman law on later legal systems and explain the tactical characteristics of Roman legions.

The caste system divides society into four levels: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. It has hereditary occupations and has a strict boundary between levels. Buddhism was founded by Sakyamuni, advocated equality of all beings and opposed the caste system. Its doctrine was spread to East and Southeast Asia through the Silk Road. The epics "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" are treasures of Indian literature. They invent Arabic numerals mathematically and have achieved certain achievements in medical surgery and herbal applications.

Tell the Buddhist communication route and its impact on different regions, and analyze the pros and cons of the caste system on the development of Indian society.

Qin unified the six countries, established a centralized system, implemented the county system, and unified weights and measures and writing. The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, strengthened centralization during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, and promoted the implementation of "abolishing all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and Confucianism became orthodox thought. The Silk Road was opened to promote trade and cultural exchanges between China and Central Asia, West Asia and Europe. In terms of science and technology, papermaking technology has been invented and improved writing materials. In literature, Han Fu was prevalent, and Sima Xiangru and others were representative writers.

Use the types of trade goods on the Silk Road to explain the exchange results and analyze the process and influence of the establishment of the orthodox status of Confucianism.

The Silk Road connects China and Europe, Chinese silk, porcelain and other commodities spread to the west, and Western spices, jewelry, etc. were introduced to China. Buddhism spread along the Silk Road to East Asia and integrates with local culture during its dissemination. Greek culture influenced Central Asia and India with Alexander's expedition, and Gandhara art merged Greek and Indian styles.

Give examples to illustrate the specific manifestations of cultural integration, such as the artistic characteristics of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes.

After the Roman Empire split, the Eastern Roman Empire defended the Eurasian transportation route with its superior geographical location. Constantinople became the political, economic and cultural center of the empire, with magnificent urban buildings and strong fortifications. The political system inherited the Roman tradition, improved the bureaucratic system, and the emperor's power was supreme.

Analyze the strategic significance of Constantinople's geographical location and display pictures of urban architecture.

During the reign of Justinian the Great, the Justinian Code was compiled and the Roman law was sorted out and the development of laws in later generations was influenced. Military expansion and recovered some lost territory in the Western Roman Empire. The economy is prosperous, commerce and trade are developed, and handicrafts such as silk manufacturing are famous. Hagia Sophia is a masterpiece of architectural art, integrating Eastern and Western architectural styles.

Interpret important provisions of the Code and explain the architectural characteristics of Hagia Sophia.

The outside world faces the threat of offensive from the Arabs, Seljuk Turks and Crusaders. The Arabs expanded and occupied part of Byzantine territory; the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine army in the Battle of Manzikirt, causing them to lose a large area of ​​land in Asia Minor; the Crusades nominally helped Byzantium, but in fact they plundered wealth and weakened their power. Internal political corruption, bureaucrats fight for power and profit, and the economy is devastated by war and trade hindered.

Analyze the impact of the Battle of Manzikelt on Byzantine and explore the complex motives of the Crusades.

At the end of the 6th and early 7th century, social unrest in the Arabian Peninsula, frequent clashes of clans, and business declined. Mohammed preached in Mecca, proclaiming himself as the messenger of Allah, conveying the revelation of Allah. The Qur’an is the only classic of Islam, which stipulates doctrines, canonal rules, moral codes and social life norms.

Tells about important events in Muhammad's missionary experience and interprets the core doctrines of the Qur'an.

After Muhammad's death, the four major caliphs began to expand abroad. During the Wumaiye Dynasty and the Abbasid Dynasty, they continued to conquer military forces and established a huge empire across Asia, Africa and Europe. Expansion promotes the integration of cultures in different regions and forms a unique Islamic culture with Islam as the core.

Draw a roadmap for the expansion of the Arab Empire and analyze the specific manifestations of cultural integration.

In the field of mathematics, Arabs absorbed Indian numbers and spread them to Europe to develop algebra. Improve astronomical observation instruments in astronomy and prepare star tables. Ibn Sina's "Medical Code" is a medical encyclopedia. In terms of literature, "One Thousand and One Nights" shows rich social life and cultural connotations in the form of stories.

Give examples to illustrate the impact of Arabic medicine on the development of European medicine and analyze the meaning of the story "One Thousand and One Nights".

The Turkic people originally lived in the grasslands of Central Asia and established the Turkic Khanate in the 6th century. With the development of its power, the Seljuk Turks rose, occupied a large area of ​​land in the Middle East in the 11th century and established the Seljuk Empire. The empire adopted the Persian political system, which had an important impact on the political pattern of the Islamic world. The Seljuk Turks became rulers of the Islamic world and promoted the spread and development of Islam.

Analyze the characteristics of the political system of the Seljuk Empire and explain the role in the communication of Islamic culture.

At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and established the Great Mongolian Kingdom. He organized strong cavalry, formulated strict military systems, and launched three Western Expeditions with his superb cavalry and shooting skills and flexible tactics. The first western expedition conquered Khwarezm, the second western expedition was far away from the Danube River Basin, and the third western expedition occupied Persia, Syria and other places. Establish a huge empire across the Eurasian continent with a vast territory.

Tells about Genghis Khan's military command strategy and analyzes the tactical advantages of Mongolian cavalry.

Promote cultural and technological exchanges between the East and the West, China's gunpowder, compass, printing, etc. were introduced to Europe, and Western astronomy and medical knowledge was introduced to China. Changed the political landscape of Eurasia, many countries and regions were incorporated into Mongolian rule. Promote the development of international trade, ensure the safety and smooth flow of the Silk Road, and promote economic prosperity in different regions.

Give examples to illustrate specific examples of the dissemination of technology in the East and the West, and analyze the impact of Mongolian rule on political systems in different regions.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Western Europe fell into political and economic chaos. After the German invasion, the feudal system gradually formed. Using the land vestigation relationship as a link, the king divided the land to the great nobles, and the great nobles then divided the land to the small nobles, forming a system of vassals. The manor is a basic economic unit, and the serfs work on the manor land, providing labor and paying rent and taxes to the lords.

Draw a schematic diagram of the relationship between the monarch and the vassals and describe the economic operation model of the manor.

The Christian Church is powerful and has a lot of land wealth. It influences each other politically with secular regimes. The Pope's power is supreme and can interfere in the political affairs of various countries. The church spreads Christian culture, sets up schools, preserves and inherits classical cultural knowledge, which has had a profound impact on the development of social thought, culture and education in Western Europe.

The Piping land offering incident explains the relationship between the church and the secular regime, and lists the content of church school education.

Since the 10th century, with the revival of commerce, cities have emerged in areas with convenient transportation and rich resources. The citizen class strives for urban autonomy through redemption and armed struggle. The urban economy is mainly handicrafts and commerce, and the guild organizations regulate industry production and operation. Urban development promotes economic prosperity and cultural exchanges, and universities develop and cultivate professional talents.

Tells about the process of typical cities fighting for autonomy and analyzes the significance of the rise of universities to knowledge dissemination and academic development.

Renaissance

The Sui Dynasty was established in 581, and the country was unified in 589, ending the long-term division. During the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, the Grand Canal was built to strengthen economic exchanges between the north and the south. The Tang Dynasty's political clarity was clear, Emperor Taizong of Tang founded the Zhenguan rule, improved the three provinces and six ministries and strengthened centralization in politics; promoted the equal-field system in economy, promoted agricultural development; and the cultural prosperity, and the poetry development reached its peak. The poetry styles of poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi were praised. Different. The art of painting and calligraphy is prosperous, and the calligraphy of Yan Liben and Wu Daozi are all unique. Foreign exchanges were frequent, and Japan sent Tang envoys to China to study, and Jianzhen went to the east to spread Buddhism and culture.

Analyze the operation process of the three provinces and six ministries, and explain the reasons for the prosperity of Tang poetry and the style of representative poetry.

The economic center of gravity has been moved south and the south has become the center of economic focus. With developed commerce, cities break the boundaries of markets, night markets and morning markets appear, Jiaozi is the earliest banknote in the world. Technological progress has been remarkable, and movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng to improve printing efficiency; compass is used in navigation and promote the development of overseas trade; gunpowder is widely used in the military, changing the pattern of war. The Song Dynasty lyrics were prosperous in literature, and poets such as Su Shi, Xin Qiji, and Li Qingzhao had diverse styles.

Tells about the background and significance of Jiaozi, and analyzes the impact of movable type printing on cultural communication.

The Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty and achieved another great unification in Chinese history. The unified multi-ethnic country will further develop, ethnic integration will be strengthened, and new ethnic groups such as the Hui people will be formed. Implement the provincial system in politics and strengthen local management. In the field of culture and art, Yuan Opera has emerged, and works such as Guan Hanqing's "Injustice to Dou E" reflect social reality.

Analyze the historical significance of the provincial system and interpret the ideological value of "Dou E's Injustice".

Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, strengthened centralization, abolished the prime minister system, and established the three departments. In terms of foreign exchanges, Zheng He voyages to the West to strengthen friendly exchanges between China and Asian and African countries. In the late Ming Dynasty, political corruption, eunuchs' autocracy, serious land annexation, social contradictions intensified, peasant uprisings frequently occurred, and the Ming Dynasty eventually perished.

Tells about Zheng He's route and significance to the West, and analyzes the deep reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

Economically, the development of the commodity economy has led to a strong demand for oriental luxury goods such as spices and silk. The hindered traditional trade routes have prompted the search for new trade routes. Politically, a nation-state was formed, and the monarch supported overseas adventures in order to strengthen national strength and obtain wealth. Technological progress provides conditions for navigation, shipbuilding technology improvements, and application of navigation instruments such as compass and astronomy.

Analyze the interaction between economic, political and technological factors and give examples to illustrate the specific manifestations of demand for Eastern commodities.

From the 15th century, Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope, Da Gama bypassed the Cape of Good Hope and arrived in India, Columbus discovered the New World of America, and Magellan's fleet completed a global voyage. These navigators explore new routes, starting to connect the world into a whole, breaking the isolation of various regions.

Draw a navigation route map for navigators and tell the difficult experiences of the navigation process.

Portugal and Spain took the lead in colonial expansion, and Portugal established colonial strongholds in Africa and Asia to control the spice trade; Spain established a huge colonial empire in the Americas, plundered gold and silver wealth, massacred Indians, and forced Indians and black slaves to work. Early colonial expansion brought great disasters to the colonies, causing sharp population decline, economic destruction, and cultural destruction.

Analyze the economic and social impact of colonial expansion on colonies and suzerain countries, and list colonial atrocities.

The commercial revolution was manifested as the prototype of the world market, the scope of trade expanded, and the European trade center moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast. New commodities are pouring into Europe, business operations are changing, and joint-stock companies and stock exchanges appear. The price revolution refers to the flow of gold and silver into Europe, soaring prices, depreciating currency, declining the feudal landlord class, rising emerging bourgeoisie, and accelerating the disintegration of the European feudal system.

Analyze the impact of the business revolution and price revolution on European social classes and economic structure, and give examples to illustrate the operation of new business operations.

The African continent has a diverse geographical environment. The Sahara Desert in the north is the climate of dry and hot; the central part is tropical rainforest with dense vegetation; the southern part is tropical grassland with obvious dry and wet seasons. Different geographical environments affect population distribution and economic development. Desert areas have sparse populations, mainly nomadic economy; rainforest areas have scattered populations and are engaged in primitive agriculture; grassland areas are suitable for animal husbandry development.

Show the African geographical partition map and analyze the limitations and opportunities of human activities in the geographical environment.

Around 1000 BC, the Bantu people began large-scale migrations, spreading from the edge of West Africa's equatorial forests to other parts of Africa. During the migration process, agricultural technologies are spread, such as planting sorghum and millet, domesticating livestock, and at the same time spreading language and culture, promoting ethnic integration and cultural exchanges in different regions of Africa, which has a profound impact on the historical development of Africa.

Draw a Bantu migratory road map and analyze the impact of migration on African cultural diversity.

The Ghana Empire relied on its control over gold resources to trade with North Africa and imported salt, textiles and other materials. Its urban planning is orderly, with a special trading market and administrative management area. With the development of trade, Islam has gradually been introduced, which has had an impact on local culture and social structure.

The Mali Empire began to decline after the decline of the Ghana Empire and its territory became wider. During the reign of Mansa Musa, he reached its peak. He attached importance to cultural education and built mosques and schools, making Timbuktu an important cultural and academic center. Mali's gold production accounted for a significant share of the world at that time, and its trade network extended further to regions.

After the rise of the Sanghai Empire, the centralization was further strengthened and an efficient bureaucratic system was established. Have a powerful cavalry and infantry force in military affairs to ensure the stability and expansion of the empire. In terms of economy, in addition to gold trade, agriculture and handicrafts were also developed to promote economic prosperity within the empire.

Africa is closely linked to the Arab world through the Sahara trade route, and Arab merchants have brought advanced technology, culture and religious beliefs. At the same time, the coastal areas of East Africa have a superior geographical location to participate in the Indian Ocean trade system, exchange goods with India, China, etc., export gold, ivory, slaves, etc., and import silk, porcelain, spices, etc.

The slave trade brought heavy disasters to Africa. Starting from the 15th century, European colonists plundered populations in coastal areas of Africa and transported them to plantations and mines in the Americas and other places as slaves. This has led to the loss of a large number of strong labor in Africa and the serious damage to the social structure, hindering the normal development of Africa.

The Mayan civilization has achieved remarkable achievements in astronomical calendars. They accurately calculated the cycles of the year of the solar year and the year of Venus, and the complexity and accuracy of the calendar are amazing. Mathematically, the Mayans invented a unique counting system, including the concept of zero. In terms of urban construction, the Mayan city-state has magnificent pyramids, palaces and courts. These buildings not only have practical functions, but also contain profound religious and cultural significance.

Based on agriculture, the Aztec civilization invented the agricultural production method of "floating gardens", which greatly increased grain output. Religion occupies a central position in the Aztec society, and they built numerous temples and held complex sacrificial rituals. Tenochtitlan, the capital of Aztec, has a large scale, reasonable urban planning, and a complete water conservancy and transportation system.

The Inca civilization established a huge empire and strengthened its rule over various places through a complete road system. The road is tens of thousands of kilometers long and connects every corner of the empire, making it easier to mobilize troops, transport materials and transfer information. The Incas were advanced in agricultural irrigation and built a large number of terraces and irrigation channels to adapt to the mountain environment. In terms of handicrafts, Inca's textile and metal products are exquisitely crafted.

European countries such as Spain and Portugal conquered the Americas by force with their advanced maritime technology and military equipment. They brought advanced weapons such as guns and cannons to carry out cruel massacres of Native Americans. At the same time, infectious diseases such as smallpox and measles brought by Europeans have caused a large number of people to die, and many tribes are almost extinct due to the lack of immunity of Native Americans.

European colonists plundered a large amount of gold and silver wealth in the Americas, forcing the indigenous people to mine and grow crops. They also established a plantation economy, used slave labor, and seriously damaged the original socio-economic structure of the Americas. European culture also spread in the Americas, replacing some local culture and changing the cultural landscape of America.

Australian indigenous people have lived a life mainly based on hunting and gathering for a long time. They have developed a way of living that adapts to the local area based on the environmental characteristics of different regions in Australia. In terms of art, the indigenous people created unique art of rock paintings that record their life scenes, religious beliefs and myths and legends.

Indigenous people have their own tribal organizations and cultural traditions, and tribes communicate through trade, marriage and other means. However, with the arrival of Europeans, the lives of indigenous peoples were greatly impacted. European colonists robbed their land and massacred the indigenous people, resulting in a sharp decline in the indigenous population and their traditional culture also faced a serious inheritance crisis.