MindMap Gallery carbohydrate
University Organic Chemical Sugar Mind Map: Sugars are a general term for polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones, their polycondensates and certain derivatives composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. According to the type and number of monosaccharide molecules contained, carbohydrates can be divided into the following categories: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
Edited at 2025-01-11 20:37:59Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
carbohydrate
Single sugar
Configuration: D/L
Monosaccharide configuration is determined by the largest numbered chiral C-hydroxyl group
The compound whose transformation from D-glyceraldehyde does not change the chiral C configuration is D-type configuration, that is, the hydroxyl group attached to the largest numbered chiral C is on the right side.
The compound whose transformation from L-glyceraldehyde does not change the chiral C configuration is an L-system configuration, that is, the hydroxyl group attached to the largest numbered chiral C is on the left side.
cyclic structure: glucose is generally self-cyclized, and it exists in a six-membered ring-stabilized structure (the transformation exists dynamic equilibrium), and it is divided into α/β type: hemiacetal hydroxyl and hydroxyl groups that determine the configuration.
Change of rotation phenomenon
Idiosyncratic: α-type
Different side: β type
Haworth style: Steps
Find the hemiacetal hydroxyl group, that is, find the hydroxyl group on C directly connected to O
Write out the open chain fischer type of ring-shaped sugar
Draw the six-membered ring of the O atom in the upper right and number it clockwise starting from O The C connected to O is not necessarily No. 1, eg. fructose is No. 2
Substituents in Formula F
Top left, bottom right
Left side - above
Right side - bottom
Hydroxymethyl
D-type - above
L-shaped bottom
Epigenesis: There is only one chiral C configuration between two molecules, which is called Cn epigenesis C1 epimerism is also called an anotrope
Tamomerization: Aldose and ketosel can be converted to each other under basic conditions
Chemical Properties
Color development reaction
Molisch reaction: All sugars and α-naphthol form purple rings under concentrated sulfuric acid
Silevanov reaction: Ketosugar is easily red when it encounters resorcinol HCl solution Used to identify ketosugars
Anthraone reaction: All sugars react with concentrated sulfuric acid solution of anthraone to form a blue-green substance
Oxidation reaction
Bromine water oxidation: Bromine water is an acidic environment and will not undergo tautomerism, so it will only oxidize aldose and oxidize aldehyde groups.
Nitrate oxidation: strong oxidation capacity, oxidize the first aldehyde group and hydroxyl group, and do not oxidize the intermediate hydroxyl group
Periodic acid reaction: If adjacent C is connected with hydroxyl or carbonyl, then C-C is broken, and -OH is connected at the fracture, and then water is lost.
Reduction reaction: Fructose reduction products are mixtures, with different configurations
Pulmonary formation reaction: C1 and C2 in excess of phenylhydrazine are dissolved into pulmonary formation
Both C1 and C2 have no chirality and do not have different conformations
Open chain reaction
Ester-forming ether reaction
Esterification: Generally, acetic anhydride is used to esterify all hydroxyl groups
Ether formation: dimethyl sulfate alkaline solution
Oxygen ring reaction
Disaccharide
As long as the disaccharide contains hemiacetal hydroxyl groups, it has monosaccharide properties
More sugar
starch
Amylose: soluble in hot water, curled (phone line shape) due to hydrogen bonds, iodine molecules just stuck in, dark blue, and the heating color faded
Amylopectin: Insoluble in water, purple-red when exposed to iodine