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fever
Fever is not only an increase in body temperature, but also a complex defense mechanism in the body! When the pyrogenic effect causes the body temperature to shift upwards and exceeds 05°C, fever will follow. This process involves a variety of cells and substances, such as endogenous pyrogen (EP) and fever activators, which jointly regulate changes in body temperature. Fever is divided into the period of body temperature rise, the period of high temperature and the period of body temperature decline. Each stage is accompanied by significant changes in substance metabolism, physiological functions and defense functions. Although fever may cause discomfort such as digestive disorders, accelerated heart rate, etc., it can also enhance the ability to fight infection and even inhibit tumor cells. For the treatment of fever, comprehensive measures such as physical cooling, drug fever reduction or treatment of primary diseases must be taken according to the specific circumstances. Only by understanding the mechanism and regulation of fever can we better deal with this common physiological phenomenon.
Edited at 2025-03-10 15:36:59- Rumi 10 spiritual high-dimensional awakenings
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
- Pathophysiology - Heart failure
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
- Pathophysiology - ischemia - reperfusion injury
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
fever
- Rumi 10 spiritual high-dimensional awakenings
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
- Pathophysiology - Heart failure
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
- Pathophysiology - ischemia - reperfusion injury
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Section 1. Introduction
Body temperature rise
Physiological
Premenstrual period
Strong exercise
Stress status
Pathological
fever
Regulation
Not an independent disease, but a clinical manifestation of multiple diseases
overheat
Passiveness
e.g.
Heat dissipation barrier
e.g.Ichthyosis affects heat dissipation
Increased heat production
e.g. Hyperthyroidism
fever
Concept: Due to the effect of pyrogen, the body temperature adjustment point moves upward, causing the body temperature regulation to rise by more than 0.5℃, it is called "heat".
Heat-induced
Substances that can cause fever in humans or animals, especially foreign substances
Setting point
The theory of setting point believes that body temperature regulation is similar to the regulation of a thermostat. There is a setting point in the temperature regulation center (located in the hypothalamus). The temperature regulation mechanism surrounds this setting point to regulate body temperature.
Section 2. Causes and pathogenesis
Fever activated substance
concept
Can act on some cells in the body, causing these cells to produce endogenous pyrogens
Endogenous pyrogen acts on the temperature regulation center
Mainly include exogenous pyrogen and certain in vivo products
That is, the starting substance that causes fever
Main substances
Exotherothermal
Bacteria and their toxins
Especially G
Virus
Usually low fever
e.g. Influenza virus
Fungus
Spiral
Plasmodium
Products in the body
Antigen-antibody complex
e.g. Bovine serum albumin sensitizes rabbit
Certain steroids
Endogenous pyrogen EP
concept
Some cells in the body produce and release substances that can cause body temperature to rise under the action of fever activators.
type
IL-1
TNF
IFN
IL-6
Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1)
Extensive biological activity
Fever is just a small aspect
Cells that produce EP
main
Mononuclear cells
Macrophages
other
Endothelial cells
Lymphocytes, etc.
Fever is a thermoregulation mechanism
Temperature regulation center
POAH, preoptic hypothalamic region
The way to transmit heat signals into the center
EP directly enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier
Under normal circumstances, EP cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier
Some substances may make the blood-brain barrier permeable↑
EP through endplate vascular device OVLT
OVLT is the weakest part of the blood-brain barrier
There are pore capillaries here, which have high permeability to macromolecular substances
EP penetrates information to the center through excitation of the vagus nerve
Experiment: EP cannot cause body temperature after cutting off the vagus nerve↑
The heat center regulation substance
Positive regulation substances
Substances released by the temperature regulation center under the action of EP that can cause body temperature to rise
main
Prostaglandin E (PGE)
Ratio of Na to Ca2
Increased ratio, body temperature
cAMP
Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH
NO etc.
Negative regulation substance
"Hot Limit"
The heat-generating effect caused by intravenous injection of heat-generating source is in a dose-effect relationship within a certain range, but after reaching a certain level, the heat-generating dose will be increased, and the body temperature rise is limited to a certain height.
main
Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)
Liposorbin-1, etc.
The timing of fever
Body temperature rise period
Increased heat production
Body temperature <settling point → "feeling" cold → chill (skeletal muscle heat production)
Reduced heat dissipation
Skin vascular contraction → “chicken skin” phenomenon
Both often do at the same time
High temperature duration
The heat dissipation begins to increase to equal heat generation
Body temperature drop period
Reduced heat production
Increased heat dissipation
Sweat a lot
Section 3. Metabolism and Function Changes
Changes in substance metabolism
Sugar metabolism
Skeletal muscle "chill" is mainly glycolysis
The oxygen supply is insufficient, and it is more anaerobic fermentation
Produce a lot of lactic acid
Lipid metabolism
"Fat Mobilization" and accelerated fat decomposition
Protein metabolism
Negative nitrogen balance—"Synthetic <Decomposition"
Water and salt metabolism
Reduced excretion during the rising fever
Stress makes the sympathetic N-adrenal medulla system excited → renal blood vessels contract → blood flow through the kidney ↓
Increased excretion during the decline of fever
Renal blood vessels show dilated reaction
Changes in physiological functions
Central nervous system
Especially infants and young children, it may cause convulsions
Circulation system
Heart rate ↑, increase the burden on the heart
Respiratory function
Possible ventilation ↑
Digestive function
Loss of appetite
Sympathetic N excitation → gastrointestinal function ↓, digestive disorders, etc.
Changes in defense functions
Enhanced anti-infection ability
Experiment found that Fe2 decreased during fever, inhibiting bacterial proliferation
Inhibit or kill tumor cells
Acute phase reaction
Overall, acute phase reactive protein can improve the body's defense ability
Section 4. The basics of disease prevention and treatment
Treatment of primary diseases
Heat treatment principle
No need to rush to reduce fever when the body temperature of normal adults is less than 40℃
Fever is only a symptom, premature fever may mask the primary disease
This principle does not apply to patients with heart disease, pregnant women, etc.
Infants and young children should immediately reduce fever
Prevent convulsions
Anti-heat measures
Chemical cooling-drug
Salicylates
Steroid drugs: glucocorticoids
Physical cooling
Only artificial temporary emergency cooling measures
May cause the body temperature to rise even more
fever
Section 1. Introduction
Body temperature rise
Physiological
Premenstrual period
Strong exercise
Stress status
Pathological
fever
Regulation
Not an independent disease, but a clinical manifestation of multiple diseases
overheat
Passiveness
e.g.
Heat dissipation barrier
e.g.Ichthyosis affects heat dissipation
Increased heat production
e.g. Hyperthyroidism
fever
Concept: Due to the effect of pyrogen, the body temperature adjustment point moves upward, causing the body temperature regulation to rise by more than 0.5℃, it is called "heat".
Heat-induced
Substances that can cause fever in humans or animals, especially foreign substances
Setting point
The theory of setting point believes that body temperature regulation is similar to the regulation of a thermostat. There is a setting point in the temperature regulation center (located in the hypothalamus). The temperature regulation mechanism surrounds this setting point to regulate body temperature.
Section 2. Causes and pathogenesis
Fever activated substance
concept
Can act on some cells in the body, causing these cells to produce endogenous pyrogens
Endogenous pyrogen acts on the temperature regulation center
Mainly include exogenous pyrogen and certain in vivo products
That is, the starting substance that causes fever
Main substances
Exotherothermal
Bacteria and their toxins
Especially G
Virus
Usually low fever
e.g. Influenza virus
Fungus
Spiral
Plasmodium
Products in the body
Antigen-antibody complex
e.g. Bovine serum albumin sensitizes rabbit
Certain steroids
Endogenous pyrogen EP
concept
Some cells in the body produce and release substances that can cause body temperature to rise under the action of fever activators.
type
IL-1
TNF
IFN
IL-6
Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1)
Extensive biological activity
Fever is just a small aspect
Cells that produce EP
main
Mononuclear cells
Macrophages
other
Endothelial cells
Lymphocytes, etc.
Fever is a thermoregulation mechanism
Temperature regulation center
POAH, preoptic hypothalamic region
The way to transmit heat signals into the center
EP directly enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier
Under normal circumstances, EP cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier
Some substances may make the blood-brain barrier permeable↑
EP through endplate vascular device OVLT
OVLT is the weakest part of the blood-brain barrier
There are pore capillaries here, which have high permeability to macromolecular substances
EP penetrates information to the center through excitation of the vagus nerve
Experiment: EP cannot cause body temperature after cutting off the vagus nerve↑
The heat center regulation substance
Positive regulation substances
Substances released by the temperature regulation center under the action of EP that can cause body temperature to rise
main
Prostaglandin E (PGE)
Ratio of Na to Ca2
Increased ratio, body temperature
cAMP
Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH
NO etc.
Negative regulation substance
"Hot Limit"
The heat-generating effect caused by intravenous injection of heat-generating source is in a dose-effect relationship within a certain range, but after reaching a certain level, the heat-generating dose will be increased, and the body temperature rise is limited to a certain height.
main
Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)
Liposorbin-1, etc.
The timing of fever
Body temperature rise period
Increased heat production
Body temperature <settling point → "feeling" cold → chill (skeletal muscle heat production)
Reduced heat dissipation
Skin vascular contraction → “chicken skin” phenomenon
Both often do at the same time
High temperature duration
The heat dissipation begins to increase to equal heat generation
Body temperature drop period
Reduced heat production
Increased heat dissipation
Sweat a lot
Section 4. The basics of disease prevention and treatment
Treatment of primary diseases
Heat treatment principle
No need to rush to reduce fever when the body temperature of normal adults is less than 40℃
Fever is only a symptom, premature fever may mask the primary disease
This principle does not apply to patients with heart disease, pregnant women, etc.
Infants and young children should immediately reduce fever
Prevent convulsions
Anti-heat measures
Chemical cooling-drug
Salicylates
Steroid drugs: glucocorticoids
Physical cooling
Only artificial temporary emergency cooling measures
May cause the body temperature to rise even more
Section 3. Metabolism and Function Changes
Changes in substance metabolism
Sugar metabolism
Skeletal muscle "chill" is mainly glycolysis
The oxygen supply is insufficient, and it is more anaerobic fermentation
Produce a lot of lactic acid
Lipid metabolism
"Fat Mobilization" and accelerated fat decomposition
Protein metabolism
Negative nitrogen balance—"Synthetic <Decomposition"
Water and salt metabolism
Reduced excretion during the rising fever
Stress makes the sympathetic N-adrenal medulla system excited → renal blood vessels contract → blood flow through the kidney ↓
Increased excretion during the decline of fever
Renal blood vessels show dilated reaction
Changes in physiological functions
Central nervous system
Especially infants and young children, it may cause convulsions
Circulation system
Heart rate ↑, increase the burden on the heart
Respiratory function
Possible ventilation ↑
Digestive function
Loss of appetite
Sympathetic N excitation → gastrointestinal function ↓, digestive disorders, etc.
Changes in defense functions
Enhanced anti-infection ability
Experiment found that Fe2 decreased during fever, inhibiting bacterial proliferation
Inhibit or kill tumor cells
Acute phase reaction
Overall, acute phase reactive protein can improve the body's defense ability