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Pathophysiology-Stress
Stress is a nonspecific protective mechanism that occurs in the body under internal and external environmental stimulation, but excessive stress may lead to internal environmental disorders and diseases. Stress response involves multiple systems such as neuroendocrine, cellular and bodily fluids, and its main manifestations include emotional reactions, cognitive ability changes and social behavior changes. Excessive concentration of catecholamine is one of the main mechanisms of stress, which may cause physical diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, stress ulcers, and psychological problems such as traumatic stress disorder. Understanding the stage and impact mechanism of stress can help better manage stress and maintain physical and mental health.
Edited at 2025-03-10 15:37:48- Rumi 10 spiritual high-dimensional awakenings
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
- Pathophysiology - Heart failure
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
- Pathophysiology - ischemia - reperfusion injury
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Pathophysiology-Stress
- Rumi 10 spiritual high-dimensional awakenings
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
- Pathophysiology - Heart failure
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
- Pathophysiology - ischemia - reperfusion injury
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
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- Outline
Section 1. Overview
Basic concepts
Refers to the nonspecific reaction of the body when it is stimulated by various internal and external environmental factors
Stress is an adaptive protection mechanism
Stress agent
All kinds of factors that can cause emergency response
include
External environmental factors
Poisoning, infection, shock, rays, noise, etc.
The internal factors of the body
Changes in blood composition, changes in body organ status, etc.
Psychological and social environmental factors
Systemic adaptation syndrome
Stress can manifest as a dynamic continuous process that ultimately leads to internal environmental disorders and diseases
Installment
Alert period
Shorter
Sympathetic N-adrenal medulla system in the body is excited, preparing for the resistance period
Resistance period
Excitation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal medulla system
Positive and beneficial
Period of exhaustion
A harmful reaction is inevitable when resisting, and the ability to resist gradually decreases with stress
Cause internal environmental disorder
Not all stresses will occur this period
Section 2. Basic manifestations of stress response
Neuroendocrine responses of stress
Blue spots-sympathetic-adrenal medulla system
Commonly known as "sympathetic-adrenal medulla system"
Material basis
NA released by norepinephrine neurons in the locust
Basic effects
Center
Excited, alert response
Prepare for the next reaction
A certain limit is beneficial
Tension, anxiety reaction
Appears when overreaction
harmful
Outer peripheral
mechanism
Increased plasma Adr and NA concentrations
significance
Excite the heart → Increase the cardiac output
Adjust blood flow distribution to make it more reasonable
Priority to ensure blood supply to important organs such as the heart and brain
Skeletal muscle →
Need exercise → Skeletal muscle vasodilation → Total peripheral resistance is basically unchanged
No need for exercise → Skeletal muscle vasoconstriction → Possible BP↑, etc.
Increase blood sugar
Main ways
Glycogenic decomposition
Changes in insulin and glucagon content
Promote fat mobilization
Make energy reserves
damage
Causes internal organs ischemia
Vascular vessels of the skin and mucous membranes, certain internal organs (especially the stomach) constrict, and blood supply decreases
Causes high blood pressure
Long-term spasm of blood vessels leads to stable narrowing of blood vessels
Fatal arrhythmia
Catecholamine concentration is too high
Increase energy consumption
Heart overexcited
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal corticosteroid system
Material basis
The hypothalamus produces CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
Pituitary gland releases ACTH (corticotropin)
GC production in the adrenal cortex (glucocorticoid)
Basic effects
Center
Material basis
CRH
effect
Increase the amount appropriately
Generate excitement and pleasure
A large increase
More common in chronic and continuous stress
Anxiety, depression, loss of appetite, etc.
around
Material basis
ACTH
effect
GC↑
significance
Increase blood sugar
Main pathways - gluconeogenesis
Allowable
Allow fat mobilization effects of hormones such as catecholamines
Inhibit inflammation and stabilize lysosomal membranes
Reduce cell damage
Maintain circulatory system reactivity to catecholamines (permissible action)
Catecholamines need to rely on glucocorticoids to constrict blood vessels
damage
Suppress immune response
Prone to infection
Commonly used in patients with chronic chronic stages and patients with long-term clinical use of GC
Affect endocrine
Growth hormone reduction
Growth and developmental delay
Thyroid axis inhibition
Other hormone axis changes
Stressed cell moist response
Heat shock protein (HSP)
concept
Refers to a group of proteins that are newly synthesized or synthesized by cells during heat stress (or other stress)
Very conservative in evolution, functioning in cells
Classification
Structural proteins
Function: Helps new proteins fold and shift, called "molecular chaperone"
Inducible protein
Function: Repair or degrade damaged proteins
Basic structure
C-end
Relatively variable matrix recognition sequences
Can recognize and bind to proteins
N-terminal
Highly conserved sequences with ATPase activity
Fold, shift, repair and degrade proteins
Acute phase reactive protein (AP)
During stress, due to infection, inflammation or tissue damage, the concentration of certain proteins in the plasma increases rapidly. This reaction is called acute phase reaction; these proteins are "acute phase reaction proteins"
Mainly synthesized by hepatocytes
Including C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyl protein A, etc.
Main functions
Inhibit protease
α1-protease inhibitors, etc.
Clear foreign bodies or necrotic tissue
C-reactive protein, etc.
Anti-infection and injury
C-reactive protein, complement, etc.
Combined with transportation function
Combined with globulin, ceruloplasmin, etc.
Overall, it protects the body
Functional metabolic changes in the body during stress
CNS
Appropriate stimulation
The body is tense and the degree of concentration is increased, etc.
Mainly "Blue Spot System"
Maintain good mood and cognitive learning ability, etc.
Mainly the "hypothalamic system"
over
Anxiety, fear, anger, etc.
Mainly "Blue Spot System"
Depression, suicide, anorexia, suicide tendencies, etc.
Mainly the "hypothalamic system"
Immune system
Acute stress
Overall immune function enhancement
reason
The number of phagocytocytes in peripheral blood increases, activity increases, complement increases, C-reactive protein and other APs
Continuous, intense stress
Immune function is suppressed
reason
Related to long-term excess of glucocorticoids and catecholamines
Cardiovascular system
Catecholamine↑
Accelerate heart rate
Increased myocardial contraction strength
Increased cardiac output
Overall coronary blood flow increased
Cause: Blood flow distribution will be reregulated during stress
Digestive system
Chronic
Most appetite decreases, which can induce anorexia nervosa
A few people may experience increased eating and become obese
acute
Gastrointestinal motor disorder
It is manifested as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, etc.
Section 3. Stress and Disease
Overview
Stress diseases
Stress plays a major role
e.g. Stress ulcer
Stress-related diseases
Stress is the cause
e.g. Hypertension, coronary heart disease, ulcerative colitis, bronchial asthma, atherosclerosis, etc.
Stress and physical diseases
Stress ulcer
concept
Refers to acute lesions of the gastric and duodenal mucosa when the patient suffers various serious injuries (including major surgery), serious illness and other stresses.
Main performance
Erosion, shallow ulcers, blood seepage (diffusing) of the stomach and duodenal mucosa, etc.
mechanism
Gastric mucosa ischemia
Cause: During stress, catecholamine↑ regulates blood flow distribution to ensure heart and cerebral blood supply
H in the gastric cavity disperses in reverse toward the mucosa
Under normal circumstances, it also spreads, but has a protection mechanism
Neutral
Blood flow takes away H
Impaired barrier function in abnormal situations of ischemia → H can cause direct damage to the mucosa
other
Acidosis
Clinically, patients with stress ulcers often suffer from acidosis
Bile Countercurrent
Stress and cardiovascular disease
Primary hypertension
During stress, catecholamine↑→ blood vessel shrinkage effect, which may spasm → prolonged stress causes long-term spasm → increased hardness of blood vessel walls and narrowed lumen → formation of more stable hypertension
When the cause of hypertension cannot be found in clinical practice → Consider whether there is chronic stress
Coronary heart disease
Symptoms are obvious during stress
Arrhythmia
Ventria fibrillation
Mainly due to excessive catecholamine concentration
Stress and endocrine dysfunction
Main influence mechanism
Increased glucocorticoid overdose
Main performance
Growth and developmental delay
Mainly seen in children during the growth period
Generally accompanied by intellectual disabilities
Gonadal axis disorder
e.g. Women who breastfeeding may experience breastfeeding after being frightened, etc.
Stress and mental disorders
Cognitive ability changes
e.g. Appropriate increase of corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH can improve cognitive learning ability
Emotional reaction
Social behavior change
e.g.Hostility increases and even aggressive behavior occurs during stress state
Traumatic stress disorder
More common in major psychological stimuli, such as war, bereavement, etc.
Stress
Section 1. Overview
Basic concepts
Refers to the nonspecific reaction of the body when it is stimulated by various internal and external environmental factors
Stress is an adaptive protection mechanism
Stress agent
All kinds of factors that can cause emergency response
include
External environmental factors
Poisoning, infection, shock, rays, noise, etc.
The internal factors of the body
Changes in blood composition, changes in body organ status, etc.
Psychological and social environmental factors
Systemic adaptation syndrome
Stress can manifest as a dynamic continuous process that ultimately leads to internal environmental disorders and diseases
Installment
Alert period
Shorter
Sympathetic N-adrenal medulla system in the body is excited, preparing for the resistance period
Resistance period
Excitation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal medulla system
Positive and beneficial
Period of exhaustion
A harmful reaction is inevitable when resisting, and the ability to resist gradually decreases with stress
Cause internal environmental disorder
Not all stresses will occur this period
Section 2. Basic manifestations of stress response
Neuroendocrine responses of stress
Blue spots-sympathetic-adrenal medulla system
Commonly known as "sympathetic-adrenal medulla system"
Material basis
NA released by norepinephrine neurons in the locust
Basic effects
Center
Excited, alert response
Prepare for the next reaction
A certain limit is beneficial
Tension, anxiety reaction
Appears when overreaction
harmful
Outer peripheral
mechanism
Increased plasma Adr and NA concentrations
significance
Excite the heart → Increase the cardiac output
Adjust blood flow distribution to make it more reasonable
Priority to ensure blood supply to important organs such as the heart and brain
Skeletal muscle →
Need exercise → Skeletal muscle vasodilation → Total peripheral resistance is basically unchanged
No need for exercise → Skeletal muscle vasoconstriction → Possible BP↑, etc.
Increase blood sugar
Main ways
Glycogenic decomposition
Changes in insulin and glucagon content
Promote fat mobilization
Make energy reserves
damage
Causes internal organs ischemia
Vascular vessels of the skin and mucous membranes, certain internal organs (especially the stomach) constrict, and blood supply decreases
Causes high blood pressure
Long-term spasm of blood vessels leads to stable narrowing of blood vessels
Fatal arrhythmia
Catecholamine concentration is too high
Increase energy consumption
Heart overexcited
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal corticosteroid system
Material basis
The hypothalamus produces CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
Pituitary gland releases ACTH (corticotropin)
GC production in the adrenal cortex (glucocorticoid)
Basic effects
Center
Material basis
CRH
effect
Increase the amount appropriately
Generate excitement and pleasure
A large increase
More common in chronic and continuous stress
Anxiety, depression, loss of appetite, etc.
around
Material basis
ACTH
effect
GC↑
significance
Increase blood sugar
Main pathways - gluconeogenesis
Allowable
Allow fat mobilization effects of hormones such as catecholamines
Inhibit inflammation and stabilize lysosomal membranes
Reduce cell damage
Maintain circulatory system reactivity to catecholamines (permissible action)
Catecholamines need to rely on glucocorticoids to constrict blood vessels
damage
Suppress immune response
Prone to infection
Commonly used in patients with chronic chronic stages and patients with long-term clinical use of GC
Affect endocrine
Growth hormone reduction
Growth and developmental delay
Gonadal axis inhibition
Sexual dysfunction, menstrual disorders, etc.
Thyroid axis inhibition
Other hormone axis changes
Stressed cell moist response
Heat shock protein (HSP)
concept
Refers to a group of proteins that are newly synthesized or synthesized by cells during heat stress (or other stress)
Very conservative in evolution, functioning in cells
Classification
Structural proteins
Function: Helps new proteins fold and shift, called "molecular chaperone"
Inducible protein
Function: Repair or degrade damaged proteins
Basic structure
C-end
Relatively variable matrix recognition sequences
Can recognize and bind to proteins
N-terminal
Highly conserved sequences with ATPase activity
Fold, shift, repair and degrade proteins
Acute phase reactive protein (AP)
During stress, due to infection, inflammation or tissue damage, the concentration of certain proteins in the plasma increases rapidly. This reaction is called acute phase reaction; these proteins are "acute phase reaction proteins"
Mainly synthesized by hepatocytes
Including C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyl protein A, etc.
Main functions
Inhibit protease
α1-protease inhibitors, etc.
Clear foreign bodies or necrotic tissue
C-reactive protein, etc.
Anti-infection and injury
C-reactive protein, complement, etc.
Combined with transportation function
Combined with globulin, ceruloplasmin, etc.
Overall, it protects the body
Functional metabolic changes in the body during stress
CNS
Appropriate stimulation
The body is tense and the degree of concentration is increased, etc.
Mainly "Blue Spot System"
Maintain good mood and cognitive learning ability, etc.
Mainly the "hypothalamic system"
over
Anxiety, fear, anger, etc.
Mainly "Blue Spot System"
Depression, suicide, anorexia, suicide tendencies, etc.
Mainly the "hypothalamic system"
Immune system
Acute stress
Overall immune function enhancement
reason
The number of phagocytocytes in peripheral blood increases, activity increases, complement increases, C-reactive protein and other APs
Continuous, intense stress
Immune function is suppressed
reason
Related to long-term excess of glucocorticoids and catecholamines
Cardiovascular system
Catecholamine↑
Accelerate heart rate
Increased myocardial contraction strength
Increased cardiac output
Overall coronary blood flow increased
Cause: Blood flow distribution will be reregulated during stress
Digestive system
Chronic
Most appetite decreases, which can induce anorexia nervosa
A few people may experience increased eating and become obese
acute
Gastrointestinal motor disorder
It is manifested as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, etc.
Section 3. Stress and Disease
Overview
Stress diseases
Stress plays a major role
e.g. Stress ulcer
Stress-related diseases
Stress is the cause
e.g. Hypertension, coronary heart disease, ulcerative colitis, bronchial asthma, atherosclerosis, etc.
Stress and physical diseases
Stress ulcer
concept
Refers to acute lesions of the gastric and duodenal mucosa when the patient suffers various serious injuries (including major surgery), serious illness and other stresses.
Main performance
Erosion, shallow ulcers, blood seepage (diffusing) of the stomach and duodenal mucosa, etc.
mechanism
Gastric mucosa ischemia
Cause: During stress, catecholamine↑ regulates blood flow distribution to ensure heart and cerebral blood supply
H in the gastric cavity disperses in reverse toward the mucosa
Under normal circumstances, it also spreads, but has a protection mechanism
Neutral
Blood flow takes away H
Impaired barrier function in abnormal situations of ischemia → H can cause direct damage to the mucosa
other
Acidosis
Clinically, patients with stress ulcers often suffer from acidosis
Bile Countercurrent
Stress and cardiovascular disease
Primary hypertension
During stress, catecholamine↑→ blood vessel shrinkage effect, which may spasm → prolonged stress causes long-term spasm → increased hardness of blood vessel walls and narrowed lumen → formation of more stable hypertension
When the cause of hypertension cannot be found in clinical practice → Consider whether there is chronic stress
Coronary heart disease
Symptoms are obvious during stress
Arrhythmia
Ventria fibrillation
Mainly due to excessive catecholamine concentration
Stress and endocrine dysfunction
Main influence mechanism
Increased glucocorticoid overdose
Main performance
Growth and developmental delay
Mainly seen in children during the growth period
Generally accompanied by intellectual disabilities
Gonadal axis disorder
e.g. Women who breastfeeding may experience breastfeeding after being frightened, etc.
Stress and mental disorders
Cognitive ability changes
e.g. Appropriate increase of corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH can improve cognitive learning ability
Emotional reaction
Social behavior change
e.g.Hostility increases and even aggressive behavior occurs during stress state
Traumatic stress disorder
More common in major psychological stimuli, such as war, bereavement, etc.