- People learn about themselves by examining their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours - “Behaviors are most important because they are more objective and observable,” I think thought is. Ex: reflection on behavior leads to one viewing themselves having certain characteristics

o Focuses on people’s awareness of discrepancies between how they are, how they like to be¸ and how they should be (?) o Actual self: this is how I am – Ideal Self: how a person would like to see the self – the ought self: how a person thinks they ought to be, based of duty and responsibility o Conflict between Actual & Ought to be leads to frustration and annoyance. Discrepancy between the actual and ideal self is said to lead to emotions such as sadness and disappointment. o People are motivated to reduce their self-discrepancies in order to eliminate, or at least attenuate, the experience of negative emotions – through self-regulation; through it lead progress towards the Ideal self

o Examine the type of actions that individuals take in order to align themselves with their values and aspirations. o Regulations: promotion and prevention. (promotion: I want to succeed – achievement, goals, prevention: I don’t want to fail – loss aversion, safety security)

Social cognitive perspective

Social learning perspective

Sociocultural perspective

Evolutionary perspective

Public self awareness Private self awareness

- Social comparison theory

- Self-perception theory

Is important and of value to the individual. Highly dictates their view of themselves and others - Not important and of value to the individual. Does not have great influence on a an individual's view of themselves and others

Adding new information into already pre-existing schemas - Creating new schemas

Person schema

Social schema

Self schema

Self-image is the personal view, or mental picture, that we have of ourselves. the internal dictionary

refers to whether you appreciate and value yourself. Self confidence is our belief in our abilities

Social reflection Ability to derive self-esteem from the successes and achievements of close others, without thinking about one's own achievement on a particular domain

Implicit self-esteem Unconscious, spontaneous or automatic evaluation of the self,

Narcissism Individual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem.

Sociometer theory of self-esteem argues that people are motivated to maintain high levels at self, reem and do this by ensuring they are socially included.

the self that we could become, would like to become, and are (likely )afraid of becoming

the extent to the self schemas are confidently, clearly, and concisely definedand are consistent with each other across the line

Antecedents: info, data, personal beliefs Attribution: perceived feeling or behavior

using the information to arrive at explanations for events. Affects how you feel, think, and act.

Types of attribution

When people see others acting in certain ways to they look for correspondence between motives and their behavior.

Based on the degree of choice, the expectedness of behaviour and eth effects of behavior

Explanations are based on “common sense” (personal). .

Situational (external) Dispositional (personal)

the tendency for people over-emphasize dispositional behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing situational explanations \ tendency to attribute others negative' actions to their character or personality while attributing own behavior to situational factors outside of their control.

Negative outgroup behavior is dispositionally attributed, whereas positive out-group behavior is externally attributed or explained in an unfavorable way