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Overview of Cholinergic Drugs
This is a mind map about cholinergic drugs. The main contents include: choline receptor blockers (N), choline receptor blockers (M), anticholinesterase drugs, choline receptors Agonist drugs.
Edited at 2024-04-18 21:31:13- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Overview of Cholinergic Drugs
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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cholinergic drugs
choline receptor agonists
M, N receptor agonist: acetylcholine
M receptor agonist: pilocarpine
Pharmacological effects: Directly acts on parasympathetic nerves (including sympathetic nerves that control sweat glands)
Eye
miosis
Reduce intraocular pressure
Regulate spasm
Glands: Increase secretion
clinical application
glaucoma
other
Treat dry mouth
Rescue from anticholinergic atropine poisoning
N-receptor agonist: nicotine
anticholinesterase drugs
Reversible anticholinesterase drug (neostigmine)
Anti-AChE, causing ACh accumulation
Stimulates M and N choline receptors
M-like effect
N2
skeletal muscle contraction
Treat myasthenia
Rescue non-depolarizing muscle relaxants
Poisoning (tubocurarine)
Overdose, fasciculations, myoplegia
Little effect on N1 and central choline receptors
Directly stimulates the motor endplate of skeletal muscles
NM receptor
Irreversible anticholinesterase drugs (organophosphonic acids)
Poisoning grade
M-like (mild)
M N-like (moderate)
M N central symptoms (severe)
Acute poisoning (M, N, central
cholinergic synapse
Cholinergic neuromuscular junction: muscle weakness, involuntary muscle twitching and tremor, leading to respiratory muscle paralysis in severe cases
Central nervous system (excited first and then inhibited
Chronic poisoning: AChE activity in the blood continues to decrease significantly
acute poisoning treatment
eliminate poison
Antidote
atropine
AChE resurrection drug
Principles of application of antidote
Combination medication
Take medication as early as possible
Take adequate medication
Repeat medication
Cholinesterase reactivation drug (not compatible with alkaline solution)
pralidoxime chloride
pralidoxime iodide
Choline receptor blockers (M)
Atropine and similar alkaloids
Atropine (competitive M-choline receptor blocker)
effect
Glands: Reduce gland secretion, the most obvious effect on salivary glands and sweat glands
Eye
Pupil dilation (relaxation of pupillary sphincter)
Increased intraocular pressure (use with caution in patients with glaucoma)
Adjust paralysis (relax ciliary muscles, blur near objects and clear distant objects)
smooth muscle
Relax visceral smooth muscle
Cardiovascular System
Heart: Heart rate depends on dose
Blood vessels: Large doses of atropine can cause dilation of blood vessels in the skin, causing symptoms such as skin flushing and warmth.
Central nervous system: Larger doses cause stimulant effects, while excessive doses turn into depression, leading to coma and respiratory paralysis.
Clinical application
Relieves smooth muscle spasm (effective for gastrointestinal colic and bladder irritation symptoms, but average for biliary colic and renal colic)
Inhibit gland secretion (administered before general anesthesia)
Ophthalmic applications
iridocyclitis
Optometry, fundus examination
Bradyarrhythmias (relief of the vagus nerve’s inhibitory effect on the heart)
Anti-shock (patients with septic shock can be treated with high-dose atropine, but those with high fever or rapid heart rate should not use it)
Rescue organophosphate poisoning
Adverse reactions (it is not highly selective for tissues and organs): dry mouth, blurred vision, increased heart rate, dilated pupils, flushed skin)
Scopolamine: only different in strength from atropine
Easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier and has strong central effect
It is stronger than atropine in inhibiting gland secretion, but weaker than atropine in regulating pupil dilation and paralysis.
Administration before anesthesia not only inhibits gland secretion, but also has a central depressant effect
It has a certain effect on Parkinson’s disease
Adverse reactions and contraindications are similar to atropine, but easy to abuse
Anisodamine: strong antispasmodic effect
Synthetic substitutes for atropine
Synthetic mydriasis
Homatropine: has shorter pupil dilation and paralysis-regulating effects than atropine
Substitute for atropine for eye exams
Tropicamide
Cyclopentolate
Eucalyptus
synthetic antispasmodics
Quaternary amines
ipratropium bromide: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma
Protein: ulcer disease, gastrointestinal and urinary tract spasms, enuresis, vomiting of pregnancy
Tertiary amines
Benatezin: antispasmodic, analgesic, central nervous system stabilizer
Suitable for ulcer patients with anxiety disorder
Selective M receptor blockers
Trihexyphenidyl: easy to pass through the blood-brain barrier, strong central effect
Parkinson's Disease
Pirenzepine: a selective M1 receptor blocker that inhibits gastric acid secretion
peptic ulcer
Choline receptor blockers (N)
Ganglion blocking drugs (NN choline receptor blocking drugs)
Mecamylamine (N1): Currently widely used in anti-smoking addiction withdrawal treatment
Camposulfame: induces the release of histamine and makes the antihypertensive reaction more obvious, which limits its application
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Depolarizing muscle relaxant: succinylcholine
Agonizes N2 receptors
Long-lasting depolarization, leaving skeletal muscles in a long-term refractory state
The time is short and is used for tracheal intubation and gastrointestinal microscopy. Neostigmine cannot be used.
Non-depolarizing muscle relaxant: tubecurura
Block N2 receptors
Competitively blocks receptors, preventing skeletal muscles from contracting
Slow and long, used for major surgery, neostigmine can be used