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Critical Thinking mind map

Critical thinking is a basic course abroad and is also an essential thinking quality for modern talents. This book is a classic textbook on critical thinking in American universities. It is widely used and has been reprinted five times. This comprehensive book covers all the basic concepts of critical thinking. The four authors use plain language and a proven, step-by-step approach to help people bridge the gap between everyday culture and critical thinking. This fifth edition takes into account the suggestions of readers and reviewers of previous editions and includes an appendix with new readings, exercises, and examples throughout. It is suitable not only as an elective textbook for students, but also as a reading material for popular logic (from entry to improvement).

Edited at 2024-04-07 21:11:39

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Critical Thinking mind map

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Outline

"Critical Thinking" mind map

Critical thinking helps you gain insight into the truth about the world

Learn how to identify information

Master rhetorical skills

Develop critical thinking skills

what is critical thinking

criticism

Object: proposition, thought, argument, not the person but the matter

definition

Internal sorting: What are the classifications of rationality?

External demarcation: what lies beyond reason

critical thinking

Meaning: sorting out, identifying and evaluating different forms of thought

Advantages: Strengthen thinking and reasoning skills, making thinking clearer and more transparent

Thought

as an assessment object of critical thinking

Divided into subjective judgment and objective judgment

Argument

Meaning: the process from premise to conclusion

Purpose: As a tool for thinking identification, to judge whether the conclusion can withstand testing and scrutiny

What cannot be used as an argument

Treat the conclusion itself as an opinion

There are poems as evidence

Ancient poetry is often a kind of literary rhetoric and cannot be used as evidence without rigorous textual research.

There are pictures to prove it

Figures can be used as an element of evidence, but their source and context need to be explained

pure fact

Facts must be relevant

conditional sentence

Generally contains fictitious elements and is not enough to serve as evidence

The conditions mentioned are supported by facts and can be used as evidence

Moral kidnapping

Scapegoat psychology

There is no concrete evidence, and the parties convict the suspect based on anger or suspicion.

what is definition

meaning of definition

Function: The definition of terms is the basis of argument

Meaning: Determine the connotation or denotation of a term

Connotation: What is the meaning of the target concept using a more abstract concept?

Extension: the specific things involved in this item

defined kind

enumeration definition/enumeration definition

List all the denotations of a thing one by one

appeal to connotation

Terms that cannot be exemplified one by one are defined by abstract concepts

defined purpose

Inform the usual meaning of words

Agreed special meanings of words

Disambiguation

semantic ambiguity

combinatorial ambiguity

syntactic ambiguity

used to persuade

Wrong Argument Forms: Rhetoric Overuse

what is rhetoric

Not only can the truth be explained clearly, but at the same time, the truth can be explained beautifully in some ways, which can gain greater resonance and recognition.

rhetorical skills

Euphemisms and profanity

evasive

Ignore background reference information

disparagement

ridicule

rhetorical analogy

Precautions

Are the comparison standards consistent?

Be careful with averages

Li Daitaojiang

When evidence is lacking, substitute other arguments

repeat

What are the rhetorical floods?

Argument from Appeal to Sympathy

Argument from Guilt Appeal

Don’t talk about reason, talk about emotions

resort to peer pressure

Have different opinions than most people around you

appeal to tradition

Use existing traditions as evidence

resort to diversion of attention

Answer the question, divert attention

forced rationalization

Use extremely far-fetched reasons to rationalize things that are unreasonable.

right wrong

Responding to other people's wrong arguments with wrong argument methods or attitudes

appeal to bad character

Mistakenly assuming that the arguments presented by people of bad character are incorrect

genetic fallacy

Wrong belief that as long as the origin is wrong, the result will be wrong

straw man fallacy

Misinterpret someone else's point of view into something he or she does not agree with, and then attack the misinterpreted point of view

false dilemma

In the dilemma, there is actually a third option

False perfect meaning

Either pursue the best or not have it

demarcation fallacy

Because some things cannot be drawn with clear boundaries, some people think that boundaries are not important.

slippery slope fallacy

When I see a bad tendency, I think of the worst outcome

reversal of burden of proof

Advocate for your own opinions but ask others to provide evidence

begging questions

In an argument, treat the conclusion to be proved as an argument

Correct Argument Forms: Deductive and Non-Deductive Reasoning

deductive reasoning

Definition: If the premises are true, the reasoning process is true, and the conclusion is true

Syllogism: All men are mortal, Socrates is human, Socrates is mortal

Big item: Mortal

Middle term: people

Minor: Socrates

Judgment criterion: The middle term is extended at least once in the premise

Denotation: Denotation is fully exposed through quantifiers

non-deductive reasoning

Definition: The relationship between premises and conclusion is probable

type

From general to special

From the Particular to the General: Inductive Reasoning

Need to establish larger-scale, richer samples

From Particular to Particular: Analogical Reasoning

The compared information is relevant

Overall identification of information sources

Examine the necessity of information sources

Master all the reasoning tools, but the source of information is questionable and you still cannot reach the correct conclusion.

How to identify the reliability of information sources

Step 1: Examine the source of the assertion

Different from the genetic fallacy: the sources in the genetic fallacy are mainly remote causes and do not affect the present.

Step 2: Examine the internal structure of the assertion

personal experience

background knowledge

Step 3: Find relevant interests

Use critical thinking to identify the authenticity of information

Improve ideological discernment and gain insight into the real world