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protein synthesis
Molecular Biology, Human Health 9th Edition, including protein synthesis system, The connection between amino acids and tRNA, The process of peptide chain synthesis, etc.
Edited at 2024-02-08 16:54:41- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
protein synthesis
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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protein synthesis
protein synthesis system
mRNA (template)
Codon (triplet code): In the mRNA open reading frame region, every three adjacent nucleotides are a group, encoding the start/stop information of an amino acid or peptide chain synthesis.
There are 64 codons in total, 61 encoding 21 amino acids, and 3 stop codons not encoding any amino acids. AUG not only represents methionine, but also represents the start codon if it is located at the translation start site of the mRNA
Characteristics of the genetic code
1. Directionality
The reading direction of the translation can only be from the 5’ end to the 3’ end.
2. Continuity
There are no spacer nucleotides in the mRNA codons, and the codons are read continuously until the terminator appears.
Frameshift: If a nucleotide that is not a multiple of 3 is inserted into the open reading frame, it will cause the mRNA open reading frame to shift. Frameshift mutation: Frameshift leads to subsequent changes in the amino acid coding sequence, causing the encoded protein to completely lose or change its original function.
3. Degeneracy
Some amino acids can be encoded by multiple codons
4. Swingability
Codons function in translation by pairing with the anticodon of tRNA, but this pairing sometimes does not strictly follow the Watson-Crick base pairing principle
5. Versatility
All living things on Earth share a genetic code (with a few exceptions)
tRNA (specific linker)
amino acid binding site
Adenylate 3’-OH at the -CCA end of the tRNA amino acid arm
mRNA binding site
Anticodon of tRNA anticodon loop
The amino acids involved in the formation of the peptide chain must be combined with the corresponding tRNA to form aminoacyl-tRNA, which is then transported to the ribosome.
ribosome (location)
Move along the 5’ end of the template mRNA strand to the 3’ end
A position (aminoacyl position): binds aminoacyl-tRNA
P position (peptidyl position): binds peptidyl-tRNA
E position (ejection position): releases t-RNA that has unloaded amino acids
Various enzymes and protein factors
ATP or GTP powered
Multiple enzymes, Mg2
protein factor
①Initiation factors: prokaryotic IF, eukaryotic eIF
②Elongation factor: prokaryotic EF, eukaryotic eEF
③Termination factor (release factor): prokaryotic RF, eukaryotic eEF
Connection of amino acids to tRNA
The recognition between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons is mainly determined by tRNA and has nothing to do with amino acids.
The accuracy of connecting amino acids to tRNA is key to correct protein synthesis. The accuracy of amino acid attachment to tRNA is determined by aminoacyl-tRNA enzymes
The reaction process catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
①Catalyze the decomposition of ATP into pyrophosphate and AMP
② AMP, enzyme, and amino acid are combined into an intermediate complex (aminoacyl-AMP-enzyme), in which the carboxyl group of the amino acid and the phosphate of adenosine phosphate are connected through an anhydride bond for activation
③ The activated amino acid combines with the free hydroxyl group at the 2' or 3' position of the ribose of the adenylate at the 3'-CCA end of the tRNA through an ester bond to form the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is released in a free form.
Peptide chain synthesis requires a special starting aminoacyl-tRNA
Prokaryotes: fMet-tRNAfMet
Eukaryotes: tRNAiMet
The process of peptide chain synthesis
prokaryotes
Materials: 30S small subunit, mRNA, fMet-tRNAfMet, 50S large subunit, three IFs, GTP and Mg2
start
1. Separation of large and small subunits of ribosomes
2. mRNA binds to ribosome large and small subunits
3. fMet-tRNAfMet binds to the P position of the ribosome
4. Formation of translation initiation complex
extend
1. Carry (registration): the process in which aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site of the ribosome according to the mRNA template
2. Peptide formation: the process in which the amino acids carried by tRNA at the A and P positions of the ribosome are condensed into peptides
3. Translocation: After the peptide formation reaction, the ribosome needs to move one codon distance to the 3’-end of the mRNA before it can read the next codon.
termination
subtopic
eukaryotes
start
1. Initiation complex formation before 43S
2. Binding of mRNA to small subunit of ribosome
3. The binding of mRNA to the small ribosome subunit
extend
The process is similar to that in prokaryotes, but the elongation factors required are different