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evolution
Biopsychology Regarding evolution, the brains of all vertebrate animals have the same basic structure. Vertebrate brain evolution reflects changes in behavior, Various factors led to the rapid evolution of larger cortexes in primates, among other things.
Edited at 2024-04-10 18:02:29- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
evolution
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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evolution
theory of evolution by natural selection
Individuals with adaptive traits produce more offspring
The process of natural selection favors new genes conferring adaptive traits
Darwinian natural selection
Reproduction causes a population to grow without constraints
Individuals of a given species are not identical
Some variations are heritable
Not all offspring survive
sexual selection
Conducive to reproductive success
Darwinian theory is subject to uncertainty about two important processes
Individuals inherit their characteristics from their parents
genetic changes
Mendel
Gene
mutation
Spontaneous and random occurrence
Changes in the genes of organisms, some mutations can be inherited
Mutations vary in nature
Beneficial mutations show reproductive advantage
natural selection at the genetic level
apparent genetics
Modern evolution theory: natural selection genetic variation
Evolution through natural selection is the process of constantly trying new traits
form of natural selection
Directional selection: Selection that favors changes in a certain characteristic in a population (reproductive advantage)
Stabilizing selection: Selection that is conducive to reducing variation in a certain characteristic in a population
Disproportionate selection: selection that favors the differentiation of a certain characteristic within a population
evolution
Convergent evolution: Adaptation to similar ecological characteristics may lead to behavioral or structural similarities between distantly related animals.
Homology: Some species have similar structures because they share a common ancestor
Divergent evolution: adapting to different environments
Why study other species
Why study other species
Comparison of different species yields evolutionary clues
Different species have evolved specific behavioral and neural mechanisms to adapt to their environment
Helps understand the evolution of the nervous system
Why study a specific species?
Different species are used to solve different problems
feature
Have outstanding characteristics
Study of these species can lead to general principles applicable to other species
Convenience
Laboratory rats: easy to breed, low cost, short life cycle, similarities in some brain areas and behaviors
Molluscs: Nervous systems are simple and easy to study
Drosophila: The genome is simple, short-term, and has many genes homologous to mammals
Invertebrates: The Nervous System provides a simplified model for understanding the vertebrate nervous system
Comparative studies between different species
Test scientific hypotheses
Fundamentals of studying different species
Disease treatment research-----Animal models
economic importance
Research to increase production of economic animals
Helps preserve rare species
Complex lives require complex brains
Selective pressure favors enlarging the forebrain, allowing species to respond to environment and opportunity in new, flexible ways
Food-obtaining strategies of different species linked to brain size and structure
More innovative species have relatively larger forebrains
Other behavioral adaptations are also associated with differences in the relative sizes of certain brain structures
Different evolutionary pressures (sexual selection) also affect the brain
All vertebrate brains have the same basic structure
Different species of mammals have some of the same brain areas (visual, auditory, and somatosensory) arranged in basically the same pattern.
The size, proportion and location of specific brain regions are linked to different forms of behavioral adaptation
Comparison of human brain and mouse brain
resemblance
Each structure of the human brain has a corresponding structure in the brain
Cell nuclei, fiber bundles, etc. are similar
The nervous systems of vertebrates share many common features
Develops from the hollow dorsal neural tube
Bilateral symmetry: A mirror image of the brain
Segmentation: Pairs of spinal nerves extending outward from each segment of the spinal cord
Hierarchical control: higher-level nervous systems tend to control or regulate lower-level nervous systems
Dissociated system: Separation of the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system
Functional specialization: Certain physiological and behavioral processes are controlled by specific neural mechanisms
Vertebrate brain evolution reflects behavioral changes
Modern animals and fossils reveal brain evolution
Through evolution, structure changes
Changes in brain size during evolution
The main result of mammalian evolution is larger overall brain sizes
In many species, there is a clear overall correlation between body and brain weight
encephalizing factor
May be a potential indicator of strong selective pressure
Connection patterns and gene expression may be more important than gross anatomical features in distinguishing human brains from those of related species
Brain size is an adaptation
The cerebral cortex grew disproportionately during human evolution
Brain regions that expanded most during primate evolution are regions that played important roles later in life
subtopic
Multiple factors led to the rapid evolution of larger cortexes in primates
Having a bigger brain comes at a cost
Difficulties of Pregnancy and Difficulties of Childbirth
Much of the brain's development continues years after birth, which means the baby's long-term dependence on and parental care
The cost of brain formation and maintenance is high---metabolism requires energy
Many genes encoding brain characteristics are easily affected, and genetic mutations lead to behavioral disorders
How natural selection, sexual selection and gene expression differences in key cognitive abilities may have contributed to the evolution of primate brains
Natural Selection: Positive selection pressure drives human brain enlargement
adapt to environment
skills development
behavioral innovation
Tool usage
social learning
social brain hypothesis
Humans need a larger cerebral cortex to handle complex cognitive tasks, namely maintaining social relationships with other individuals
Brain size may be related to social relationships, social group size
A larger brain facilitates adaptation to the environment
Other aspects of natural selection also influence human behavior
specific forms of learning and memory
Sexual selection: May have contributed to ancient human brain enlargement
sexual selection hypothesis
Gene expression differences: Primate species differ in gene expression
Key differences in genetic basis between humans and other primates
There may be important differences in the DNA sequence of a specific gene - resulting in different gene structures and proteins
Patterns of gene expression in the brain vary widely - how genes are expressed to build complex brains may also differ
Evolution is still continuing
artificial selection evolution
The influence of environment on evolution
Inheritance occurs through genes
Chromosome: Gene: DNA
Phylogenetic: Similarities between certain biological species reflect phylogeny
Study evolutionary history
Anticipate behavioral patterns