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Molecular basis of inheritance
Mind map of the molecular basis of inheritance, including genetic mutations, overview of genes, Human genomic DNA, structural characteristics and functions of genes, etc.
Edited at 2024-04-11 21:25:43- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Molecular basis of inheritance
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
Molecular basis of inheritance
Overview of genes
The concept of genes
A gene is all the nucleotide sequences necessary to encode a polypeptide chain or functional RNA
Classification of genes
Structural genes and regulatory genes
Can be transcribed into mRNA and translated into polypeptide chains
Ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes
Only the corresponding RNA is transferred and not translated into a polypeptide chain
promoters and operators
They are all DNA fragments that are not transcribed
General properties of genes
Gene self-replication—semi-conservative replication
genetically determined traits
Genetic mutations—knock out or keep
DNA structure
DNA is a double helix biological macromolecule whose basic structure is nucleotides
human genomic DNA
Genome related concepts
From an informatics perspective
The human genome is the genetic information represented by haploid cells
From a cytogenetic perspective
It refers to the 24 chromosomes and chromosomes 1 to 22 and X and Y chromosomes in human cells.
From a molecular genetic perspective
refers to the sum of the 24 DNA molecules that make up these chromosomes
The form in which DNA exists
single sequence
Accounting for 60-65%, it is a single copy sequence and appears only once or very few times in the genome.
repeating sequence
highly repetitive sequence
minisatellite DNA
Microsatellite DNA
Moderately repetitive sequence
short dispersed elements
Function
May be related to the regulation of gene transfer
hnRNA processing
Initiation of DNA replication
long discrete elements
Function
Dispersed in the genome, they constitute transposable elements that allow DNA to move from one chromosome to another within the genome.
inverted repeat sequence
hairpin structure
palindrome
multigene family
A group of genes with the same origin, similar structure, and related functions formed by duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene
pseudogene
concept
In a multigene family, some members do not produce functional gene products. These genes are called pseudogenes.
Discovery time
The first pseudogene was discovered in 1977 while studying the ribosomal 5S RNA gene of Xenopus laevis.
Function
Regulate gene expression
Differences from normal genes
deletion or insertion
Sequential changes in intron- and exon-adjacent regions
Defects in the 5′ end initiation region
Structural features and functions of genes
gene structure
exons and introns
concept
In structural genes, coding sequences called exons express portions of the polypeptide chain. Non-coding sequences are called introns, also known as insertion sequences.
Features
Introns can also be transcribed but not translated
Different structural genes contain very different numbers of introns and exons.
Within a gene, the lengths of different introns and exons are different
Some genes in eukaryotes do not have introns and they mostly exist in the form of gene clusters. Most yeast structural genes also do not have introns.
Eukaryotic introns and exons are not completely fixed, and are sometimes a certain DNA sequence on the same DNA chain. When it is a gene encoding a certain polypeptide chain, it is actually an exon, and when it is encoding another polypeptide chain, it is an intron.
GT-AG rule
Flanking and regulatory sequences
Promoter
enhancer
Features
Effective at any location, non-directional, and tissue-specific.
terminator
Gene mutation
concept
Changes in genetic material and the resulting phenotypic changes are called mutations
Gene mutation is a structural change in the base pair composition or arrangement of a gene
A point mutation is a change in one or a pair of bases in a gene
Mutated genes are new genes that appear on the original locus after gene mutation.
characteristic
rarity
Reproducibility
Reversibility
Multidirectionality
Harmful and beneficial
result
neutral mutation
beneficial mutations
deleterious mutations
lethal mutation
Predisposing factors
physical factors
UV rays
ionizing radiation
Electromagnetic radiation, high temperature, severe cold
chemical factors
biological factors
molecular mechanism
base substitution
synonymous mutations
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
Stop code mutation