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World History 29-Ancient Civilizations of the Americas (Part 2)
The pinnacle and typical representative of the development of ancient civilizations in the Americas is the Central American and Andean (South American) cultural circles. This episode mainly introduces the Inca Empire, a typical representative of South America.
Edited at 2024-01-23 20:59:57- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
World History 29-Ancient Civilizations of the Americas (Part 2)
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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World History 29-Ancient Civilizations of the Americas (Part 2)
1. Predecessor of the Inca Empire
The pinnacle and most typical representative of development in South America was the Inca Empire.
The Chilka tribe was the first to make a living by gathering and hunting in 8000 BC, and also began to grow legumes.
The ruins of the Crossed Hands Temple were named after the statues and patterns of crossed arms about four or five thousand years ago.
The predecessors of the Incas were in Peru, Bolivia and other places. There were also many other Indian civilizations, including the Chavin, Nazca, Mochi, Wari, Tiahuanaco, Chimu, and many more.
2.Chawen
It is named after the important site of Chavín de Huantar. Starting from 1500 BC, it reached its peak from 400 BC to 200 BC.
Chavinde Huantar is an ancient temple located on a mountain more than 4,000 meters above sea level.
Chavin de Huantar is only a sacrificial center with a population of no more than 3,000 people. The unearthed cultural relics include products from far away places, such as cinnabar from southern Peru, lapis lazuli from northern Chile, giant snails from the coast of Ecuador, and so on. It shows that there is also contact with the Amazon Basin.
3. Paracas
In the southern coastal area of Peru, textile technology was developed from the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. The fabrics are rich in color and come in more than 190 different colors. Many mummies were also found, most of them wearing bright clothes.
4.NASCAR
Approximately between 200 BC and 600 AD.
The pottery is excellent, with the background color generally being brick red or orange, and patterns of birds, animals, flowers, plants, gods, monsters, etc. being depicted in red, yellow, brown, purple, black, white, gray and other colors.
The water conservancy project is developed, namely the Nazca geoglyphs.
In a 250-square-kilometer wilderness on the southwestern coast of Peru, those huge and strange figures - lizards, spiders, octopuses, hummingbirds, monkeys... can only be clearly distinguished when the sun rises, standing on the top of a nearby mountain. , they disappeared without a trace when the sun was in the sky.
5.Mochi
The unearthed cultural relics often revolve around the theme of war, and they are a warlike nation.
The most important site is Cerro Blanco, with its two giant pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. They are flat-top adobe pyramids unique to the Americas, and there are maker's marks on the adobes, indicating that they come from different regions.
A pottery workshop was once excavated near the Pyramid of the Moon, and the pottery products there were outstanding. Moqi pottery has the functions of both daily utensils and statues, and is made into figures, human heads, animals, fruits, furniture, boats, houses, etc.
6. Tiahuanaco
It is located on a plateau at an altitude of about 4,000 meters.
The Puerta del Sol in Tiahuanaco is as mysterious and famous as the Nazca geoglyphs. It is carved from a single boulder, nearly 3 meters high, 4 meters wide, and weighs an estimated one hundred tons. There are many mysterious carvings on the door. Every autumnal equinox, the sun always rises along the central axis of the doorway, and light enters from the center of the Sun Door.
It is famous for its megalithic architecture. The irregular boulders are spliced together without adhesives and even a blade cannot be inserted.
7.Chimu
It spans more than 1,000 kilometers from north to south. It is famous for its handicrafts, including gold and silver jewelry, wood carving and weaving.
The water conservancy project is vast and has clear administrative levels. Social classes are also strictly divided.
Changchang City, the capital of Chimu, is called the Castle City by archaeologists. It is the largest adobe city ruins in the world. In its heyday, the population reached 100,000 and the area was about 20 square kilometers. In the Chimu language, Chang means sun, hence the city of the sun. The entire city was divided into 10 castles, and it was speculated that each king would build a castle and be buried in it after his death. The castle is divided by high walls and has an intricate internal structure.
Lake Titicaca is the world's largest plateau freshwater lake, covering an area of 8,830 square kilometers, with an altitude of 3,812 meters, an average water depth of 100 meters, and a depth of more than 250 meters. The local Indian residents still maintain their original way of life.
8. Ulu
The Uru Indians used the locally abundant cattail reeds to build floating islands on the lake, and they have thrived on them for generations. Reed grass is an important living resource. They use reed grass to build houses and boats, and reed roots are used for food.
Men are good at fishing, and women weave various textiles. The barter transaction method is still followed.
9. Inca Empire
The territory of the empire was called Tawantinsuyo, which means the unity of the four directions. Tawantinsuyo stretches more than 4,000 kilometers from Ecuador in the north to the Amazon Plain and Chaco region in the south, covering an area of more than 2 million square kilometers.
The Inca were inferior to Mesoamerica in terms of writing, calendar, etc., but their social organization and state institutions were more developed.
social organization
Inca means son of the sun god. Conquered by Quechua. Only descendants of the Inca could inherit the throne. The Inca king had many wives and concubines, and the first lady was Coya, which was equivalent to the queen.
The Quechua language calls the entire empire Tawantinsuyo, which is divided into four regions, each with a local governor. The most basic unit of society is Ailiu. The land belongs to Ai Liu, and the land output is divided into three parts, one part is given to the Inca king, one part is given to the nobles, and the third part is left to Ai Liu.
road network
A complete highway network has been established, two of which are parallel to each other and run through the north and south. The Inca highways were more than 4,000 kilometers long, ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 meters wide, and had more than a hundred bridges. Milestones were erected every 7.2 kilometers, and a post station was set up every 20 kilometers. The postman's name is Chasji.
The Incas had no writing and used knotted ropes to record events.
megalithic architecture
He is good at building stone cities and fortresses. Built in the Tiahuanaco way, boulders were built without mortar.
Saxahuaman Castle
There are 21 bastions and 3 layers of walls. Each layer of the wall is 18 meters high, and the largest boulder used is 9 meters long and 5 meters wide. There is a parade ground on the top of the mountain, where a grand Sun Festival is held on June 24 every year.
Cusco city
Cusco, in Indian language, means the navel of the world, that is, the center of the world.
It is the capital of the Incas, the birthplace of the Inca Empire, and the capital of the Cusco Province in Peru.
There are still streets, palaces, temples and buildings from the Inca era in the city. Inca Temple - Coricancha (Inca means golden courtyard).
It is said that at that time, the walls and floors of the entire temple were covered with gold sheets, and in the courtyard were gold statues of corn, plants and animals of various shapes.
The Spanish destroyed the temple, transported away the gold, used the cornerstone of the temple as a foundation, and built the Santo Domingo Church.
After two major earthquakes, the church was razed to the ground, but the foundation and the lower end of the wall were intact.
Machu Picchu City
In 1911, a history professor at Yale University discovered the city of Machu Picchu on the mountain. In 2007, it was selected into the New Seven Wonders of the World.
Machu Picchu is 2,280 meters above sea level, with mountains on one side and rivers on three sides. The cliffs on both sides are more than 600 meters deep. It was probably built by the Inca Empire between 1440 and 1500 AD and covers an area of about 13 square kilometers.
The streets of the ancient city are not wide and are arranged vertically and horizontally in an orderly manner. The palaces, temples, pavilions, fortresses, workshops, residences and reservoirs on both sides of the streets are of various sizes and heights. There are also ditches dug manually.
The city walls and major buildings of Machu Picchu are also built using boulders seamlessly spliced together. There is a Sun Temple built on the top of the pyramid.
The main buildings include the gate facing Cusco, the curved wall covering the cemetery, the Inca House where the Inca royal family and nobles lived, and the Temple Qun consisting of 12 temples.
In the center of the sacred square, there is a huge sun-blocking stone, which is said to be a sundial and a stone calendar.
In the cliff tombs outside the city, there are the remains of 173 people, 150 of whom were women. Men are surrounded by women.
easter island
There are no rivers or lakes on the island, there are very few plants, and the main animals are rats. There are more than 600 huge human figures carved from a single piece of volcanic rock, facing the sea and looking up.