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Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Topic 2-Morality)
This book is different from ordinary humanities books. It not only focuses on humanities and arts, such as literature, music, performance, etc., but also focuses on eternal philosophical themes, such as morality, happiness, and freedom. I hope that after reading this book, I will be like what is written on the title page: on the way of reading these words, I will meet myself...
Edited at 2024-01-13 21:32:14- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Topic 2-Morality)
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
Part Three Humanities Themes
Chapter 11 Morality
Summary
Morality becomes a major theme in art
It is also a core issue in religious thought, philosophy and law.
definition
moral
adjective
Describing principles gained from reading, tutoring, education, religion, or law
Choose between important choices
definition of morality
Morality and Philosophy
some thorny ethical issues
Can the ends justify the means?
Is it true that only punishment and the fear of punishment can stop us from doing the wrong thing?
Should people still abide by the law when they can get away with it?
Are the needs of society greater than the needs of individuals?
Should economic resources be controlled individually or collectively?
Are results what matters?
Or does intention matter too?
various moral systems
Most religions believe that regardless of whether gods interfere with personal desires, they have certain rules that must be followed
These rules can usually be found in a holy book
Accepting these rules means believing both in the existence of the Divine and in the writing of the Holy Scriptures by those who accurately recorded the Word
Other moral systems are based on reason rather than faith
A person does the right thing because reason determines it is right
Doing something wrong is irrational
It can also be considered that this view is based on a belief
Belief in reason can make correct decisions on everything
definition
Morality
The system you rely on to make big choices
Usually also refers to what an individual understands as correct behavior
Therefore someone can be called moral or immoral
moral system
a system of moral beliefs
is the basis of moral choice
such as religion, law, or Socratic reasoning
egoistic ethics
Glaucon and Socrates
Glaucon
The virtues expected by society are only an appearance, the result of the pressures exerted on each individual, not the product of the human ability to determine right and wrong through reason
Socrates' rebuttal
Moral behavior is done for oneself
A rational man lives by the law, even if the law harms him
Citizens’ rationality will produce laws that are fair, just, and of good quality
To be wise and kind is to do good
one of the loudest and most controversial statements in philosophy
The most important thing is not life, but a good life
The Relevance of the Glaucon-Socrates Controversy and the 21st Century
philosopher king
Whether such a person ever existed or could exist is a question that has long been debated.
Who is to judge whether someone is qualified to be the Philosopher King?
Government and self-interest
Civil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau
"On the Duty of Civil Disobedience"
“The best government is the one that regulates the least.”
"Walden"
He has three chairs in a room, and insists on using only three: one for alone time, two for friends, and three for socializing.
ralph waldo emerson
"On Self-Reliance"
be yourself
Never imitate others
Never follow the crowd
Never do something against your will
Never be afraid of changes in behavior
"If I were the devil's child, then I would live according to the devil's instructions."
one of his most extreme expressions
commonality
Apart from refusing to pay the poll tax, there was no other act of resistance to the government.
Strong individualism is limited to paper
They are embedded in a movement that swept the entire 19th century
“Self-interest” – Standing out as one’s most desirable qualities
Economics and self-interest
Summary
In addition to government, another area where ethics frequently appears is economics
For nearly three centuries, economic thinkers have tried to find a moral system that encompasses the accumulation of wealth.
Entering the 21st century, society has seen the most serious uneven distribution of wealth in the past century.
When it comes to money-related choices
What behavior is moral?
What system is the fairest?
Adam Smith
A perfect society is one in which everyone is free to pursue his or her own interests
The foundations of today’s capitalist system
Observed that economic welfare is the guiding force in human life
like later karl marx
"Invisible Hand"
The law of supply and demand always uses and regulates the economy
Supply and demand: the new reality
In the real world, the laws of supply and demand may fail
What is morality?
Ideal self-regulating markets do not exist
Smith's theory that self-interest is in the best interests of mankind is now controversial
Ayn Rand
"The Virtue of Selfishness"
Capitalism is essentially a religion
Advocates total reliance on the free market
Free markets allow the strong and self-reliant to unleash their talents
Enlightened self-interest
Machiavelli
"The Prince"
It is a continuation of earlier ideas
Not trusting ordinary citizens to be rational enough to make informed decisions
Promote strong top-down rule to ensure stability and justice
Enlightened self-interest
A monarch establishes an effective government in order to serve himself and also serve the people
thomas hobbes
"Leviathan"
Affirmed a political system based on absolute monarchy
Use the word "nation" to describe this utopia
In this country, each subject voluntarily surrenders some of his rights to the monarch in order to protect each other
Received a profound influence from the rational philosophy of the 17th century
It was a reaction against the medieval concept of the afterlife.
Do not believe in the inherent goodness of human nature
Only reason itself can ensure that people live in peace and harmony
Strict authoritarian control is necessary
People are born evil, only for themselves
Egoism is the natural state of human nature and denies the existence of the so-called lofty purpose
commonality
Both advocate non-democratic government as the only way to prevent self-interest from destroying society.
Irony and Egoistic Morality
Jonathan takes you to Swift
"A small suggestion"
On the cruelty and ruthlessness of egoism
definition
laissez faire
French phrases
allowed to do
Basic Economic Policies of Adam Smith's Philosophy
Allow businesses to operate on their own with little or no government control
capitalism
an economic system
Based on the philosophy of Adam Smith
If people are allowed to make as much money as possible, others will benefit too
Machiavellianism
Derived from Machiavelli's theory of government
To ensure social order, advocate a monarch with almost unlimited powers
Now it has become a derogatory term
A person who manipulates others through duplicity
Emerged with the rise of individualism during the Renaissance
Alternatives to Egoistic Ethics
utilitarianism
utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
moral mathematics
Numbers are the key to moral certainty
A formula will determine the correct direction of behavior at each moment
Before making a choice, the individual will estimate a positive or negative value for the degree of impact the behavior will have on most people.
Target
Build a society where the greatest number of people can achieve the greatest happiness
motivations and consequences
Measurable results are everything, motivation is completely irrelevant
reformed utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
"On Liberty"
"The tyranny of the majority"
Majority rule is as bad as absolute monarchy
Agree with Bentham's views on government
Believe that the government has the responsibility to protect the rights of citizens
But I don’t think the principle of majority rule is necessarily valid.
The role of government in utilitarianism
In order to offset the public's irresponsible choices, the government is needed
This does not mean that the government has the right to legislate based on the morals of a few
Purpose
The only reason why human beings have the right to intervene individually or collectively in the actions of any element is for self-defense.
For any member of a civilized group, the only reason why he can exercise a right and will legitimately is to prevent harm to others.
William Hogarth
"Angry Musician"
categorical imperative
Immanuel Kant
Summary
Philosophical thought is centered on the scientific belief that truth comes from experience and extends to all parties.
What is absorbed by the senses must be understood by the person's innate rational ability before it can constitute experience.
Emphasize that the concept of right and wrong is innate in humans
moral imperative
Under the requirements of Kant's so-called "moral imperative", people take various actions based on their inner view of right and wrong.
This moral imperative is entirely given to reason
against slavery
is morally wrong
Kant's moral philosophy is a very effective way to predict whether a proposed action is morally correct.
The operation of the absolute imperative
Altruism
Summary
Auguste Comte
propose this concept
John Donne
"Meditations"
effective altruism
Peter Singer
"Animal Liberation"
Prejudice that condemns people for treating animals indiscriminately according to their own preferences
"Practical Ethics"
"The Best Thing You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Transforms Concepts of Ethical Living"
“Effective Altruism” Clearly Articulated
A way of acting that actually helps change the world without seriously damaging the giver.
definition
Altruism
The quality of acting with concern for the interests of others rather than one's own
category
Here in Kant
Refers to the innate mental "divisions" that enable people to understand the material provided by the senses
Human beings' innate rationality enables them to understand spatial relationships and the morality or immorality of behavior
categorical imperative
In Kant's philosophy
the innate ability to understand certain concepts
Includes the differences between right and wrong when faced with moral decisions
moral imperative
an inner principle that compels an individual to act
It is based on an absolute understanding of right and wrong
According to Kant, this understanding is governed solely by reason
Although later thinkers believed that it originated from conscience
It may also come from divine inspiration
utilitarianism
a moral philosophy
core
or the best interests of the greatest number of people
The most rational judgment of reasonable people (whether or not they constitute the majority)
moral mathematics
Bentham proposed
A scientific system of moral choices
Based on quantifiable positive and negative results
Morality and Religion
common principles of moral belief
Believers of all religions believe
The world was not created for people to do whatever they want
Man has obligations, both to a personal God and to the moral order that governs the universe
Everything people do must be responsible for themselves, others, and the earth.
Biblical Moral Principles
first commandment
You shall not worship any god other than the LORD
Second Commandment
Do not make idols or worship idols
The third commandment
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain
The fourth commandment
Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy
fifth commandment
Should honor parents
Sixth Commandment
Thou shalt not kill
Seventh Commandment
Thou shalt not commit adultery
The Eighth Commandment
Thou shalt not steal
Ninth Commandment
Thou shalt not bear false witness
The Tenth Commandment
Don't be greedy
punishment and reward
Punishments for breaking the holy laws and rewards for a good life vary from religion to religion
Still a powerful force in helping many people understand various vexing issues in the world today
Morality and Art
The influence of Dante and Milton on Western morality
Dante
"Divine Comedy"
Inspiring writers, artists and philosophers for centuries
For writers, sinners seem to be more durable and more worthy of exploration than good people.
In entertainment shows, bad guys are often more interesting than good guys
raises age-old questions
Why must human beings be punished for their preordained original sin?
Milton
"Paradise Lost"
Depiction of Satan is a classic example of moral ambiguity
Justify God’s way of dealing with people
The problem with censorship: who decides what is right and wrong?
Leo Tolstoy
Believe that art should be sincere and "contagious" that inspires a sense of morality
Oppose treating art as just entertainment
Manet
"Olympia"
Works that have been considered indecent
Nathaniel Hawthorne
"The Scarlet Letter"
Individual citizens do not have to be completely bound by social moral norms
Although written a century and a half ago, the question of whether beloved love can supersede the moral values of society remains.
james joyce
"Ulysses"
Considered by a group of literary critics to be the greatest novel of the 20th century
Trying to truthfully reflect the unique workings of the human mind, including sex.
outrage at moral wrongs
The humanities provide powerful tools for revealing the horrors of poor moral choices
Pablo Picasso
"Guernica"
One of the most powerful condemnations of attacks on enemy cities and killing of civilians
oliver stone
"Field Platoon"
"The Hurt Locker"
Ask a question
Is it okay to do inhumane things in the name of justice?
Beethoven
His later creations were a fist-pumping condemnation of unfair fate.
He was a lifelong defender of individual rights
Maurice Ravel
"Waltz"
Seen as a musical illustration of the chaos in Europe after World War I
Indignation expressed through humor
moral relativism
Global Perspective: Culture Clash
One of the main factors in the rise of moral relativism is the globalization of society
As people are exposed to different cultural practices and values, ethical issues increase
Cultural traditions and generational differences cannot coexist harmoniously.
slippery slope effect
One branch of cultural relativism
From respecting the value of others in the past to emphasizing that there are no absolute values at all, there is no truth that can be accepted by the whole world.
Gender and Moral Relativism
cultural, religious and literary traditions
are dominated by the male perspective
When the views of men and women are inconsistent, this difference is especially obvious in areas where women have low status
definition
moral relativism
Believes that ethical standards are not universal but depend on time, culture and specific situations
in conclusion
A resounding statement in the humanities
Ethics are worth the risk
Placing hope on integrity may be the basis for the shine of the human condition