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Psychology Introduction
This is a mind map about the introduction of psychology. Psychology is the science that studies the occurrence, development and laws of human psychological phenomena (or psychological activities).
Edited at 2024-01-13 15:56:15- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Psychology Introduction
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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introduction
Research objects and tasks of psychology
Research objects and properties of psychology
psychological meaning
Psychology is the science that studies the occurrence, development and laws of human psychological phenomena (or psychological activities)
Psychology becomes an independent discipline
In 1879, Wundt of the University of Leipzig in Germany founded the world's first psychological laboratory, and psychology became an independent discipline.
mental process
constantly changing, temporary psychological phenomena
Cognitive Process (Basic)
The psychological phenomenon that occurs when people understand the nature and laws of objective things in the process of understanding them.
Mental activities such as feeling, perception, memory, imagination and thinking are collectively called cognitive processes in psychology
emotional process
The experience or feeling of a certain attitude towards objective things caused by the process of understanding objective things.
volitional process
Due to cognitive support and emotional promotion, the process of people consciously overcoming inner obstacles and external difficulties and persisting in achieving goals
Emotional and volitional processes are generated on the basis of cognitive processes, and react on cognitive processes (have an impact on cognitive processes)
Personality Psychology
Personality is an individual’s unique and relatively stable psychological behavior pattern
personality tendencies
It is an internal dynamic system that determines an individual's attitude and behavior toward things. It is a psychological component with certain dynamics and stability, and is the most active factor in the personality structure.
eg. Needs, motivation, interests, ideals, beliefs, worldview, etc.
An important part of personality that plays a role in dominating and controlling relevant psychological activities.
Personality psychological characteristics
Essential, stable psychological characteristics that are often manifested in an individual Affects individual behavior and embodies the uniqueness of human psychological activities
ability
temperament
Individual differences in temperament and introversion are differences in temperament
Character (Core)
Individual differences in determination and perseverance in dealing with others and overcoming difficulties are differences in personality.
Personality differences first manifest themselves in character
Personality psychology refers to the sum of personality tendencies and personality psychological characteristics of people under certain social and historical conditions.
The relationship between psychological processes and personality psychology
close relationship
Personality psychology is based on psychological processes
The formation and development of human personality psychology is the result of gradual stereotypes through psychological processes reflecting objective reality under certain social influence and education. It is a process of individual socialization.
The personality psychology that has been formed in turn restricts everyone's psychological process and is manifested in the psychological process.
People with different interests and abilities have different evaluation and appreciation levels for the same song.
Research objects in various branches of psychology
social psychology
Management Psychology
criminal psychology
educational psychology
developmental psychology
physiological psychology
clinical psychology
psychological tasks
theoretical tasks
The most fundamental theoretical task is to further reveal the origin of psychology and consciousness through psychological research
Practical tasks
To serve the teaching reform
To cultivate students' good moral character and sound personality
To improve students’ mental health services
To improve one's psychological quality
Principles and methods of psychological research
Principles to be followed in the study of psychology
objectivity principle
Psychological phenomena are objective facts
We must adopt objective methods, a scientific and objective attitude, seek truth from facts, and respect objective facts.
principles of development
Psychological phenomena are always in the process of discovery and change
systematic principle
People live in multiple series of heterogeneous systems, which need to be analyzed from many aspects.
Adhere to a systematic, comprehensive and holistic perspective and conduct multi-level, multi-level, multi-measurement and multi-faceted systematic analysis and research
psychological research methods
Observation
A method of purposefully and plannedly observing changes in subjects' words and deeds under certain conditions, making detailed records, and then analyzing and processing them to judge their psychological activities.
advantage
Remain objective and natural
shortcoming
Difficult to verify repeatedly
Difficult to analyze accurately
Research cannot be conducted without the presence of the subject
It’s easy to observe and get what you need
Experimental Method
An objective method of conducting analytical research by strictly controlling or creating conditions in a planned and planned manner according to the purpose of the research, and actively causing or changing the psychological activities of the subjects. is the only way to determine causation
laboratory experiment method
It is usually carried out in a special laboratory with the help of various instruments and equipment and strict control of various conditions.
natural experiment method
Usually in daily life, the experimenter purposefully controls or changes certain conditions to study people's psychological activities.
advantage
Rigorous design and repeatability
Research is proactive and can draw causal conclusions
shortcoming
Difficult to generalize under natural conditions
psychological testing
A method of measuring and evaluating people's psychological characteristics using standardized scales (or questionnaires) with certain reliability and validity.
Other research methods
case study method
correlation research method
meta-analysis
psychological essence
Psychology is the function of the brain
The simplest psychological phenomenon
feeling of specialization
动物进化到环节动物时产生的
Animal psychology is an attribute produced by material development to a certain advanced stage.
Animal psychology is the function of the animal's brain and nervous system. This function occurs and develops with the emergence and development of the nervous system and brain.
Human psychology is the product of the human brain
Human psychology is the highly complex function of the human brain and nervous system
Psychology is the human brain’s subjective response to objective reality
import
The human mind is only an organ that responds to the outside world, and it is only the natural prerequisite for the emergence of human psychology. It provides the possibility of human psychology, but to turn this possibility into reality, we must rely on the objective reality of the outside world.
Objective reality is the source of the content of human psychological activities
Social life practice has a restrictive effect on people's psychology
The foundation of human psychology is human social life practice. Without human social life practice, there would be no psychology.
People live in different stages of social and historical development. Due to the different levels of social productivity, scientific and technological development, and different fields of social practice, human psychology or consciousness has different development levels and characteristics.
Psychology is the subjective image of objective reality
Different people have different psychological reactions to the same stimulus, and the same person has different psychological reactions at different times.
People's reflection of objective reality is the unity of objective and subjective
Psychology is an active reflection of objective reality
Performance
Through practice, the essential laws are revealed. This performance is also a manifestation of the abstract ability and reasoning ability of consciousness.
Actively regulate and control practical activities, and react on the objective world through practice, that is, to transform the world according to human will
Psychology is subjective and dynamic
nervous system and brain
Neurons
basic unit of human nervous system
Composition
cell body
dendrites
Many, short, branch-like
axon
longer
nerve fibers
The more neurons there are, the shorter the nerve fibers are.
Classification
sensory neurons
transmits information from receptors to the central nervous system
motor neurons
transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to effectors
interneurons
Found only in the brain and spinal cord, it is a nerve cell that connects the above two types of neurons.
function
accept stimulation
Send message
Integrate information
human nervous system
Central Nervous System
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
cranial nerve
spinal nerve
autonomic nervous system (autonomous nervous system)
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
distributed throughout the body
Structure and functions of the human brain
structure of human brain
brain oblongata
pons
midbrain
brainstem
diencephalon
thalamus
subcortical sensory center
hypothalamus
subcortical centers of the autonomic nervous system
The main link in regulating visceral activity and endocrine activity
cerebellum
function
Maintain body balance
Regulate muscle tension
Regulate people's voluntary activities
brain
largest structure in the central nervous system
Three parts closely related to human psychological activities
cerebral cortex
limbic system
basal ganglia
Main functional areas of cerebral cortex
somatic motor center
anterior central gyrus
somatosensory center
back to center
visual center
Shen Ye
auditory center
Temporal lobe
olfactory center
near hippocampus gyrus
motor speech center
Behind the inferior frontal gyrus, immediately below the precentral gyrus
auditory speech center
posterior aspect of superior temporal gyrus
visual language center
The right posterior side of the auditory speech center
writing center
The area adjacent to the precentral gyrus that governs the movement of the upper limbs
Lateralization (asymmetry) of function between the left and right hemispheres of the brain
Human psychology is the product of advanced nervous system activities
The basic processes of higher nervous system activity are excitation and inhibition
excited
neural processes associated with the initiation and intensification of certain activities of an organism
inhibition
a neural process associated with the cessation or attenuation of certain activities of an organism
mutual transformation, mutual induction
The basic activity mode of the nervous system is reflex
reflection
concept
With the involvement of the central nervous system, the organism's regular response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Method to realize
reflex arc
receptor
afferent nerve
nerve center
efferent nerve
effector
type
unconditioned reflex
Inherited, learned without learning
Food reflexes (swallowing and digestion)
Defensive reflex (seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages)
sexual reflex
Conditioned reflex
acquired
classical conditioning
Pavlov's experiment
Give light first (irrelevant stimulation) and then food (unconditional stimulation). After many times, salivation will occur when seeing the light.
Temporal combination of irrelevant and unconditioned stimuli
Talking about the tiger's face
Look at plum blossoms to quench thirst
operant conditioning
The animal presses the lever to get food
Use rewards to strengthen certain responses of the organism
Systematic nature of conditioned reflexes
The psychological activity of an organism is not a single conditioned reflex, but a conditioned reflex system composed of a series of conditioned reflexes
Dynamic shaping (automated conditioning system)
A temporary neural connection system formed by a series of stimuli acting on the organism in a certain sequence and intensity, or a chain system of conditioned reflexes
e.g.
Broadcasting exercise
Learn various knowledge and skills
Development of living habits
formation of personality traits
Features
Stereotypicity
automation
Generalize
stability
plasticity
The conditioned reflex system is the signaling system
first signaling system
A conditioned reflex system formed by using specific things as conditioned stimuli
Second signaling system (dominant)
A conditioned reflex system formed by using words as conditioned stimuli