The writing used by the Romans was Latin, an alphabetical writing created by the Latins who lived on the Latium Plain on the banks of the Tiber River. Classical Latin has 23 letters, 21 of which are derived from Etruscan writing.

In the Middle Ages, the letter I was divided into I and J, and V was divided into UV and W. The letters y and z were originally Greek letters and were borrowed to describe Greek loanwords. This resulted in 26 Roman letters.

The earliest Latin inscription was found on the large cloak pin of Prenes, dating from the 7th century BC, bearing the name of the maker.

During the Roman Empire, Latin spread rapidly as the official language. With the exception of Greek, almost all other national languages ​​were replaced by Latin. Later, Latin spread to other parts of the world along with Christianity.

my country's Chinese Pinyin scheme is designed based on the Latin alphabet.

Latin is also an important linguistic tool for our modern pharmacology and biology.

Latin also plays a number of important roles in international treaties. Many treaties were written in Latin. For example, the Treaty of Nerchinsk between China and Russia was written in Latin, Manchu, and Chinese.

In the early days of the Roman Empire, the art of poetry developed greatly. Virgil, a national epic of hundreds of thousands of words. He sang the praises of the Trojan hero and became famous for thousands of years. Medieval Dante wrote, Virgil is my mentor and my author.

In the 5th century BC, Rome formulated the Law of the Twelve Bronze Tables.

In the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, five great jurists in Rome systematically compiled and annotated Roman laws, forming a huge system.

In the 1st century AD, the standing statue of Augustus and the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius both reflected the influence of Greek culture and art on Rome.

According to the Romans, an ideal Roman should be a brave and strong person. The Romans invented legionary warfare.

The Roman legion consisted of four parts: light troops, spearmen, main troops and reserve troops. Light troops and cavalry lined the wings of the legion. The spearmen were in the first line, and the main soldiers were in the second line, holding spears. Reservists used throwing muskets on the third line.

The legions were quick and flexible in movement, superior to the Macedonian phalanx. The legionary system was the embodiment of Roman cultural practicality and national genius.

After the peace, Augustus began to restore various buildings in the city of Rome. And mobilized the senators and nobles to donate money to decorate the city of Rome.

After the war, the Temple of Caesar, the Arch of Augustus and the Forum of Augustus were built. Later, a temple to Mars, the god of war, was built in the square. A temple to Apollo was built on the Palatine Hill. In addition there are many new buildings parks, baths, Pantheon, mausoleums. The most splendid building is the Pantheon. It was first built in 27 BC and suffered two fires. In 126 AD, the head of state Hadrian ordered it to be rebuilt.

In AD 64, a fire broke out in the city of Rome. Nero, the then head of Rome, built a palace for himself during the Disaster and named it the Golden House. Nero's reign plunged the entire country into chaos.

The subsequent Flavian dynasty complied with the people's wishes and restored stability in Rome. They abandoned the Golden House and renovated it, and built the Grosham Arena. The building is oval in shape and can accommodate 50,000 spectators.

The Romans loved relief art, and reliefs often used major historical events and figures as materials. Representative works include the Trajan Column, built around 114 AD to commemorate his victory in the battle against the Dacians. After Trajan died, his ashes were buried here. Pratura's true chronicle is ethnology for historians. It provides very valuable historical materials for studying the history and society of ancient Rome.

Famous ones in Italy include the Appian Way leading to the south; the Flemingian Way extending from Rome to Tarentum via Campania and leading to the north; and the direct route from Rome to the east coast of Umbria. The Via Valeria leads from Rome to the northeastern region.

These roads played a very important role in maintaining the rule of the empire and strengthening connections between various parts of the empire. The entire empire became an organic whole centered on Rome. All roads lead to Rome. It shows that Rome's transportation was highly developed.

Calendar: In 4 BC, Caesar relied on Sosigis to reform the calendar. A year is 365 and 1/4 days, which is the Julian law. Europeans continued to use it until 1582.

Geography: Around AD 20, Storabo wrote 17 volumes of Geography. It has become one of the classic works of ancient geography.

Agriculture: In the 2nd century BC, a monograph devoted to the study of agriculture appeared in Rome. It has continued to increase since then. By the 1st century AD, there were as many as four. Cato's "Agriculture", Varro's "On Agriculture", Virgil's "Agricultural Poems", Columella's "Agriculture".

Encyclopedia: The most famous work of the Roman writer Pliny is the 37-volume "Natural History". He cited documents from more than 2,000 ancient books in his natural history. A large amount of ancient scientific data on the verge of being lost has been preserved for future generations. Later, Karl Marx and Engels repeatedly quoted materials from "Natural History" in many of their important works and gave Pliny high praise. Engels even called it the Roman Encyclopedia. In AD 79, Pliny died while investigating the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

After the 3rd century AD, Rome experienced economic decline, political chaos, constant foreign aggression, and repeated civil wars. Traditional culture was gradually replaced by Christian culture.

By the Middle Ages, Christianity had a complete monopoly on Western European culture and education, worshiping theology. The church regarded ancient scientific culture as heresy and ravaged it. Pope Gregory believed that ignorance was the mother of piety. At the instigation of the Church, many ancient architectural sculptures and books were destroyed. Many classical academic works were destroyed and lost. The church developed theology and scholasticism and regarded itself as the unified successor of the Roman Empire. Calls itself the Universal Church of Rome.

The Renaissance in the 14th and 15th centuries revitalized the ancient Roman culture that had been buried for thousands of years. The role and value of people themselves have been valued. There was a cultural boom in places like Italy.