MindMap Gallery Bio-lipid metabolism
Focus on lipid metabolism, including classification of lipids, Physiological functions of fat, Physiological functions of lipids, Digestion, absorption and transportation of lipids, metabolism of triglycerides, Phospholipid metabolism, etc.
Edited at 2023-12-11 17:19:37One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
fat metabolisim
Classification of lipids
Fat
glycerin
fatty acid
lipids
Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipid
Lecithin
cephalin
Sphingomyelin
cholesterol
cholesterol ester
Glycolipids
Physiological functions of fat
Store fat for energy
Provides essential fatty acids
Provides fat-soluble vitamins for absorption
hot pad effect
Protective pad function
constituting plasma lipoproteins
Physiological functions of lipids
Maintain biofilm structure and function
Cholesterol can be converted into steroids, hormones, vitamins, bile acids, etc.
constituting plasma lipoproteins
Digestion, absorption and transportation of lipids
digestion of lipids
upper small intestine
absorption of lipids
Lower duodenum and upper jejunum
emulsifier
bile salts
Triglyceride metabolism
Triglyceride catabolism
fat mobilization
Concept: Fat stored only in white adipocytes, under the action of lipase, Gradually hydrolyze, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol for oxidation by other tissue cells. process used.
subtopic
key enzyme
triglyceride lipase, hormone sensitive lipase
lipolytic hormone
glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Able to initiate fat mobilization and promote fat hydrolysis into free fatty acids and glycerol
anti-lipolytic hormone
insulin
Antagonize lipolysis and inhibit fat mobilization
glycerol catabolism
Intersection with Glucose Metabolism
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
activation of fatty acids
Location: Cytoplasm
Fatty acids are catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthase to produce acyl-CoA
Consumes two molecules of ATP
Acetyl-CoA enters mitochondria
Is the rate-limiting step in beta oxidation of fatty acids
Rate-limiting enzyme: carnitine acyltransferase I
Swim ring: carnitine
Beta oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA
Location: Mitochondrial matrix
Process: dehydrogenation, adding water, dehydrogenation again, thiolysis
Products: FADH₂,NADH H⁺, Acetyl CoA, fatty acyl CoA with two fewer carbon atoms
The generated acetyl coenzyme is completely oxidized mainly in the mitochondria through the citric acid cycle. Part of acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies in liver cells
One molecule of 16C palmitate is completely oxidized to generate 106 molecules of ATP. 18C generates 146 ATP, 20C generates 134 ATP, and 12C generates 78 ATP.
Generation and Utilization of Ketone Bodies
Intrahepatic ketogenesis, extrahepatic oxidation
Important enzyme that produces ketone bodies
Hydroxymethylglutarate-CoA synthase (HMG-CoA synthase)
The physiological significance of ketone body production
A form of energy transfer from the liver to extrahepatic tissues
In long-term starvation, insufficient sugar supply or glucose utilization disorder, Ketone bodies can replace glucose as the main energy source for brain and muscle tissue.
ketoacidosis
Pathogenesis: Due to glucose utilization disorder during starvation, high-fat, low-sugar diet and diabetes Increased fat mobilization produces large amounts of acetyl-CoA, which is rapidly converted into large amounts of ketone bodies in the liver. Blood ketone body levels can be dozens of times higher than normal people, leading to ketoacidosis. Produces a special rotten apple smell.
Triglyceride anabolism
Fatty acid anabolism
Synthetic raw materials: acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, NADH H⁺,CO₂,Mn²⁺
Acetyl coenzyme A is mainly supplied by the decomposition of glucose and the aerobic oxidation of sugar.
Transported into the cytoplasm via the citric acid-pyruvate cycle
Rate-limiting enzyme: acetyl-CoA carboxylase Prosthetic group: biotin
Essential fatty acids and their physiological functions
Arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid
Humans cannot synthesize fatty acids that must be provided by food, and most of them are unsaturated fatty acids.
Phospholipid metabolism
Classification
Glycerophospholipid
Lecithin
Phosphatidylcholine
cephalin
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Sphingomyelin
Glycerophospholipid metabolism
Diacylglycerol pathway: choline and ethanolamine are activated to the CDP-X form
Sphingomyelin metabolism
Sphingomyelin, the most abundant phospholipid in the human body
Composed of sphingosine, fatty acids and phosphocholine
cholesterol metabolism
synthesis of cholesterol
synthetic parts
organizational positioning
Except for adult animal brain tissue and mature red blood cells, almost all tissues in the body can synthesize cholesterol.
Cell location
Night and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthetic raw materials
Acetyl coenzyme a, NADPH H⁺, ATP
Basic process of synthesis
rate limiting enzyme
HMG-CoA reduced plum
conversion of cholesterol
bile acid
Steroids
Vitamin D₃
plasma lipoprotein metabolism
blood lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters
Input path
Food fat digestion and absorption
Liver fat cell release
Output path
Fat oxidation for energy
Convert into biofilm or into other steroid substances
stored in lipid depot
plasma lipoproteins
Classification of lipoproteins
Electrophoresis
ChylomicronsCM
Transport exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol
very low density lipoprotein VLDL
Transport endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol
low density lipoprotein LDL
Transport endogenous cholesterol
HDL
reverse transport cholesterol
Ultracentrifugation
chylomicrons
pre-beta lipoprotein
beta lipoprotein
alpha lipoprotein
apolipoprotein
Refers to the protein in plasma lipoproteins
Function
Binds and transports lipids
Regulate lipoprotein metabolism enzyme activity
Involved in the recognition of lipoprotein receptors
Abnormal plasma lipoprotein metabolism
Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipoproteinemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis