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Introduction to Civil Engineering Chapter 2
This is a mind map about Chapter 2 of Introduction to Civil Engineering, including gel materials, steel, wood, etc. The introduction is detailed and the description is comprehensive. I hope it will be helpful to those who are interested!
Edited at 2023-12-11 11:24:17- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Introduction to Civil Engineering Chapter 2
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
No relevant template
Introduction to Civil Engineering II
2. Civil engineering materials
2.1 Overview
It is the collective name for all materials used to build roads, bridges, houses, tunnels, ports, etc.
Characteristics such as variety and materials directly affect the function, durability, economy and many other aspects of the constructed project, and restrict the engineering design and construction methods.
Engineering materials classification
inorganic materials
metallic material
Non-ferrous metals (aluminum, copper, alloys, etc.)
Ferrous metals (steel, iron)
Non-metallic materials (wider coverage)
Natural Stone
Clay and molten products
cementitious material
Inorganic artificial stone
organic material
wood
asphalt
synthetic polymer materials
rubber
Composite materials (engineering materials composed of the above different types of materials)
Used as structural materials (composing structural components): foundations, columns, beams, walls, slabs, etc.
Used as functional materials (specialized functions): enclosure, waterproofing, decoration, thermal insulation
Classified by use
building structural materials
bridge structural materials
Hydraulic structural materials
Pavement structural materials
building wall materials
Building waterproofing materials
Characteristics of new engineering materials (compared with traditional engineering materials)
Complexity
Excellent performance combination
Multifunction
General usage functions
breathe
Electromagnetic shielding
Bacteria prevention and sterilization
Radiation protection
Fireproof
Greening
non-toxic
harmless
Environmental friendly
Energy saving
Material production consumes less energy
Can be recycled
Lightweight and high strength
Greatly reduce structural weight and component size
Meet the large-scale projects and space requirements
industrialization
Adopt advanced production technology and equipment to carry out standardized and systematic production
2.2 Gel material (a substance that can change from a slurry to a solid stone under a series of physical and chemical effects, and can cement other engineering materials and have a certain mechanical strength)
2.2.1 Lime
Technical characteristics
1. Good plasticity
2. Low hardening speed and low strength
3. Good water retention, poor water resistance
4. Large volume shrinkage during hardening
Main use: Preparation of lime mortar or mixed mortar as masonry material
2.2.2 Gypsum
Most important ingredient: calcium sulfate
advantage
lightweight
Adiabatic
Fireproof
beautiful
Easy to process
High strength gypsum
Main ingredient: Alpha-shaped hemihydrate gypsum
Good crystallization
Crystals are solid and thick
Has higher strength and density after hardening
construction plaster
Used as: retarder and activator in indoor plastering, stucco, and cement slurry
More used for: manufacturing various gypsum products
Gypsum board (a lightweight material made from building gypsum as the main raw material through processes such as pulping, pouring, solidification, and drying)
Gypsum board
A lightweight board formed by infiltrating building gypsum with fiber materials and admixtures to form a core material, and using paper as cover on both sides.
Length 1800-3600mm, width 900mm, 1200mm thickness 9mm, 12mm, 15mm, 18mm
advantage
Light texture
high strength
Fireproof and mothproof
Easy to process
Ordinary paper lime board
For interior walls, partitions and suspended ceilings
Water-resistant paper-faced gypsum board with fire-retardant treatment
For use on walls in rooms with high humidity
hollow gypsum board
It is a lightweight board made of building gypsum as the main raw material, adding an appropriate amount of fiber material, stirring and forming a slurry, pouring, core pulling, drying and other processes.
Length: 2500mm-3000mm, width: 450-600mm
Classification by production materials
Gypsum Perlite Hollow Slats
Phosphogypsum hollow strips
Classified by moisture resistance
Ordinary gypsum hollow strips
Moisture-proof gypsum hollow strips
Performance advantages
high strength
heat insulation
sound insulation
Fireproof
Drilling, planing and drilling are easy to construct
Compared to plasterboard
A lot of gypsum is used
high quality
Low production efficiency
But no paper, gelling agent or keel is needed, and the process equipment is simple.
Lower cost than plasterboard
use
Interior partition walls for industrial and civil buildings
The walls can be sprayed, painted, tiled, wallpapered, etc.
decorative gypsum board
Decorative panels are made by infiltrating an appropriate amount of fiber reinforcement materials into building stones, mixing them with water to form a uniform slurry, and then pouring and drying them.
Drilling holes in the board can make it have sound-absorbing, fire-proof and other functions
It is an ideal decorative material for ceilings and walls of buildings (especially public buildings).
Gypsum masonry
2.2.3 Cement
Hydraulic inorganic gelling material
Divided according to its mineral composition
Portland cement
aluminate cement
sulfate cement
ferroaluminate cement
Can be divided according to its use and nature
By cement (most used in civil engineering)
Ordinary Portland cement (most widely used in civil engineering)
Hydraulic cementitious material made from Portland cement clinker, 6% to 20% mixed materials, and therapeutic gypsum.
The mineral composition and basic properties are close to those of Portland cement
Slag Portland cement
pozzolanic Portland cement
Fly ash Portland cement
Composite Portland Cement
Portland cement (also known as Portland cement)
Hydraulic cementitious material made of Portland cement clinker, 0-0.5% limestone or granulated blast furnace slag, and appropriate amount of gypsum ground
When cement particles come into contact with water, the clinker minerals on their surface immediately react with water and release a certain amount of heat.
condensation
initial setting
After adding an appropriate amount of water and mixing, a plastic cement slurry will be formed. The cement slurry gradually thickens at room temperature until it loses its shape, but it does not yet have strength.
Final setting
As the shaping disappears, the cement paste begins to develop strength
hardening
After the cement slurry is finally set, its strength will continue to increase over time and form a hard cement stone.
In the production process, in order to improve the properties of cement and adjust the strength of cement, some artificial or natural mineral materials can be added
cement mixing material
According to their activity
active mixed materials
Inactive mixed materials
Special cement (cement with special purpose)
road cement
Masonry cement, etc.
Special cement (cement with certain outstanding characteristics)
Fast hardening cement
expanded cement
2.2.4 Asphalt and other cementitious materials
asphalt
hydrophobic material
Organic mixture (soluble in benzene, carbon dioxide and other solvents)
advantage
Strong bonding force with mineral materials
water proof
Earthquake resistant
Chemical resistance
use
Waterproofing Project for House Construction
Anti-corrosion works for general civil engineering works
road works
Classified by way of acquisition
Natural asphalt (commonly used)
Petroleum is formed under natural conditions and undergoes various physical effects for a long time.
Petroleum asphalt (commonly used)
Made from the residue after fractionation of petroleum oil
tar oil
Tar is obtained by dry distillation of organic matter and then processed
Modified asphalt (incorporating a small amount of oxygen into the molten asphalt to cause oxidation and polymerization to form larger molecules with stable properties)
Rubber asphalt (important)
Small deformation at high temperature
Good flexibility at low temperatures
resin asphalt
Air tightness
Adhesion
Low temperature resistance
Rubber and branch modified asphalt
It has the properties of rubber and tree branches at the same time
Mineral filler modified asphalt
Improve viscosity and temperature stability
Penetrate
talcum powder
asbestos powder
lime powder
Powdered or fibrous mineral filling materials
rubber
Polymer materials (higher elasticity at room temperature)
advantage
Excellent elastic deformation ability
Good tensile strength
Fatigue strength
Impermeable
Acid and alkali resistance
electrical insulation
effect
Building membrane waterproof sealing material
Classified by their origin
natural rubber
Properly processed from natural plant latex
advantage
Very high elasticity at room temperature
Good wear resistance at room temperature
synthetic rubber
Various rubber monomers are obtained from petroleum, natural gas, wood, etc. as raw materials, and then artificial rubber is made by artificial synthesis methods.
Recycled rubber
Materials with rubber properties obtained by mechanical processing, chemical and high temperature treatment of waste rubber products
advantage
Effectively save raw rubber
cut costs
Synthetic resin
Polymer compounds (main materials constituting plastics, coatings and adhesives)
thermoplastic resin
Features
Soften when exposed to heat
Molten and in a plastic state
It becomes hard after cooling
This process can be repeated
thermosetting resin
Features
It can soften or flow during the molding process and has plasticity.
The reaction process is irreversible (basic difference from thermoplastic resin)
advantage
High heat resistance
Not easily deformed under pressure
shortcoming
Poor mechanical properties
Classification
Inorganic cementitious materials: gypsum, lime, cement (can be divided according to their hardening conditions)
Air-hardening cementitious materials
Inorganic gel materials that can only harden, maintain and develop their strength in the air
hydraulic gel material
Inorganic gel material (cement) that not only hardens in air, but also hardens, maintains and develops its strength better in water
Organic cementitious materials: asphalt, rubber, various resins
2.3 Mortar and concrete
2.3.1 Mortar
Divided according to different cementitious materials
cement mortar
lime mortar
Asphalt mortar
Gypsum mortar
mixed mortar
cement lime mortar
cement clay mortar
lime clay mortar
Divided by use
masonry mortar
effect
bonded bulk material
Fill gaps between blocks
transfer load
Important components of masonry
Plastering mortar
effect
Protect base
beautiful
Classified by function
Ordinary plastering mortar
Function
Smooth the build surface
Improve the appearance of the structure
Protect the main body of the structure from all kinds of damage
Improve structural durability
Extended service life
Commonly used
lime mortar
cement mortar
cement mixed mortar
Ma Dao lime mortar
Paper Reinforced Lime Slurry
107 glue, hemp knife, paper reinforcement, glass fiber and other reinforcing materials
Decorative plastering mortar
Special mortar
waterproof mortar
Insulating mortar
advantage
Light weight
Strong thermal insulation
effect
roof insulation
Insulated walls
Heating pipe layer
Sound absorbing mortar
polymer mortar
advantage
Strong adhesion
Small drying shrinkage
Low brittleness
Good corrosion resistance
effect
Repair and protective works
Acid-resistant mortar
effect
Lining material
Acid-resistant floor
Acid-resistant container
Inner wall protective layer
decorative mortar
Special function mortar
2.3.2 Concrete (artificial stone)
advantage
It has good plasticity before setting and hardening, and can be poured into the required shape and size.
After hardening, it has high compressive strength and good durability, and can meet the requirements of general load-bearing structural materials.
Won Noodles and steel bars have good adhesion, which ensures that they work together.
Among the components of concrete, local materials such as sand and stone are used in large quantities, the production process is simple, and the price is low.
shortcoming
Low tensile strength and heavy weight
2.3.3 New cement-based materials
high performance concrete
Strength is greater than c50
advantage
Retain many advantages of high-strength concrete
Durability
volume stability
Good with the opposite sex
lightweight concrete
The apparent density is less than 1950kg/m3
advantage
Low apparent density
Good thermal insulation
Strong earthquake and crack resistance
shortcoming
Large deformation
higher cost
Classification
lightweight aggregate concrete
Structural materials
Insulation Materials
porous concrete
roof panel
wall masonry materials
sandless concrete
Wall small blocks, bricks, plates
Water filter pipes and filter plates in municipal engineering
fiber reinforced concrete
advantage
Effectively prevents the development of internal micro cracks in ordinary concrete under load.
Tensile properties
toughness
Crack resistance
Anti-fatigue properties
Classified by elastic modulus
High elastic fiber
Low elastic fiber
Polymer concrete (higher cost and complex process, not widely used)
2.4 Steel (the most widely used metal material)
2.4.1 Classification of steel products
Low-carbon steel
Low alloy structural steel
advantage
Strength up
Corrosion resistance up
Wear resistance up
Low temperature impact toughness up
effect
Reduce the weight of the structure
Increase structural span
Save steel usage
2.4.2 Mechanical properties of steel
Tensile properties
Cold bending performance
Impact toughness
Fatigue resistance
hardness
2.4.3 Steel processing
2.5 wood
2.6 Wall materials
2.6.1 Brick
2.6.2 Blocks
2.6.3 Lightweight wall panels
2.7 Functional materials
2.7.1 Waterproof materials
2.7.2 Thermal insulation materials
2.7.3 Sound-absorbing materials
2.7.4 Decorative materials