Doctor: Hippocrates (460-370 BC)

The first pharmacologist "Dioscorides" appeared in the history of ancient Rome

World's first private pharmacy opened by Arabs

"Shen Nong's Materia Medica"

"The Theory of Thunder and Cannon Burning"

"New Materia Medica" Tang Dynasty

"A Thousand Gold Prescriptions" Sui and Tang Dynasties

"Compendium of Materia Medica" Ming Dynasty

Sulfonamides, antibiotics marked by their discovery and mass production use

Marked by the discovery of drugs such as the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol and the H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine

It has created a new stage of biological treatment of various difficult diseases, genetic diseases and malignant tumors. It is marked by the production of a large number of biotech drugs such as human growth hormone, insulin, and interferon.

cold, hot, warm, cool

Taste linked to clinical effects

Generally speaking, medicines that have the functions of promoting Yang, dispelling wind and cold, vomiting, and resuscitation, etc., can go up and outward, and their medicinal properties are mainly ascending and floating; they have the functions of purging, clearing away heat, diluting water and dampness, calming the mind, subduing Yang, calming wind, and eliminating dampness. Drugs that can induce stagnation, reduce qi and relieve vomiting, astringe astringent, relieve cough and asthma, etc., can go downward and inward, and their main properties are sedimentation.

Most of the medicines with warm and hot properties, pungent and sweet taste are mainly for floating; those with cold and cool properties, with sour, bitter, salty and astringent taste are mostly for subsidence.

Ancient people believed that most of the light medicines such as flowers, leaves, bark, and branches mainly float; most of the heavy medicines such as seeds, fruits, roots, minerals, and shells mainly sink.

The rise and fall of drugs is also affected by processing and compatibility. When a drug with an ascending property is combined with a large number of sedimentation drugs, its ascending properties may be subject to certain restrictions; On the contrary, when drugs with sinking properties are combined with more lifting and floating drugs, their sinking properties will also be subject to certain restrictions.

single line

phase

Envoy

fear each other

Kill each other

hate each other

on the contrary

Clay pots and clay pots in ceramic vessels are better

Generally avoid using iron, copper, aluminum and other metal utensils It is prone to chemical reactions, which can reduce the efficacy and produce toxic and side effects.

Based on the principle of cleanliness, it can be used in daily life. Drinking water can be used to cook Chinese medicine.

Generally, the amount of water should be such that the liquid level is about 2cm higher than the liquid level after properly pressurizing the pieces. The amount of water added to medicines that are hard or require a long time to be fried may be slightly more than that of ordinary medicines; If the texture is soft, or the active ingredients are easy to volatilize, and the decoction time is short, the liquid surface can be submerged in the medicine.

General medicines can be soaked for 20 to 30 minutes, and medicines based on seeds and fruits can be soaked for 1 hour. The temperature is high in summer, so the soaking time should not be too long to avoid spoilage.

Generally, use strong fire first and then slow fire. Then use slow fire and maintain it for 10~15 minutes.

Fry first

Back down

Fried buns

Fry separately

closing

drink

"Eighteen Rebellions"

"Nineteen Fears"

Banned drugs are generally highly toxic, violent and have abortive effects, and are prohibited drugs.

Use medication with caution: Generally, drugs that stimulate menstruation, remove blood stasis, promote qi and break stagnation, and are pungent, hot and slippery are drugs that should be used with caution.

Avoid eating cold, spicy, greasy, fishy, ​​and irritating foods

People with febrile STDs should avoid eating spicy, greasy, and fried foods; Cold sexually transmitted diseases should avoid eating raw and cold foods; Patients with chest paralysis should avoid eating fat, fat, animals, offal, tobacco, and alcohol; People with excessive liver yang, dizziness, irritability, etc. should avoid eating pepper, chili pepper, garlic, white wine and other spicy and yang-boosting products; People with weak spleen and stomach should avoid eating fried, sticky, cold, hard, and difficult-to-digest foods; Patients with ulcers and skin diseases should avoid eating fish, shrimp, crab and other fishy and spicy foods. When taking Chinese medicine, do not use tea, milk, etc. to avoid affecting the absorption of the medicine.

Pharmacodynamics (pharmacodynamics for short) studies the effects and mechanisms of drugs on the body and the relationship between drug dosage and drug effects. It is the theoretical basis for guiding rational clinical drug use.

Basic functions of drugs

the way a drug works

Duality of drug action

Within a certain dose range, the greater the dose, the higher the blood concentration and the stronger the effect.

Receptors are macromolecules located on the surface of the cell membrane, the cytoplasm or the nucleus. Substances that can specifically bind to receptors are called ligands

The process of drugs passing through biological membranes is called transmembrane transport of drugs

The process of drug entering the blood circulation from the site of administration is called absorption. The rate of absorption mainly depends on the physical and chemical properties of the drug, dosage form, dosage and route of administration. Absorption area and local blood flow, intravenous administration directly enters the systemic circulation, and there is no absorption process. Some drugs are partially destroyed when they pass through the intestinal mucosa and liver for the first time, reducing the amount of drugs entering the systemic circulation. This is called first-pass elimination.

The process by which drugs are transported through the blood circulation to various tissues and organs throughout the body is called distribution.

The process of structural changes of drugs in the body is called metabolism. The metabolism of drugs is mainly carried out in the liver. The first phase reactions mainly include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis; the second phase is binding reactions. The drug metabolism enzymes are mainly liver microsomal mixed functional enzyme systems, referred to as liver drug enzymes. Drugs that enhance the activity of liver enzymes are called enzyme inducers, and drugs that reduce the activity of liver enzymes are called enzyme inhibitors.

The kidney is the main excretory organ. Some drugs can be excreted through the bile duct, lungs, breast glands, salivary glands, sweat glands, etc.

Orally administered, dosage forms that are absorbed by the gastrointestinal mucosa and exert medicinal effects, such as powders, (granules, tablets, capsules, pills) [first pass elimination], solvents, emulsions, suspensions, etc.

Non-gastrointestinal dosage forms are all dosage forms other than oral route of administration

1. Solution type 2. Colloidal solution type 3. Emulsion type 4. Suspension type 5. Gas dispersion type 6. Particle dispersion type 7. Solid dispersion type

liquid dosage form

gas dosage form

solid dosage form

Semi-solid dosage form

Leaching preparation Sterile preparations