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Biology-Cell Division and Cell Cycle Mind Map
This is a batch of mind maps about cell biology - cell division and cell cycle. The main content includes the life of cells, cell division, cell cycle and its regulation, etc. I hope it can be helpful to everyone.
Edited at 2023-12-02 16:29:03- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Biology-Cell Division and Cell Cycle Mind Map
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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Cell division and cell cycle
cell life
The life of a cell begins with the division of the parent cell that produced it and ends with the formation of its daughter cells or the death of the cell itself.
1. Cell division
1. Mitosis
Indirect division, divided into anterior, middle and posterior stages according to the morphology and structure of mitosis C
① Prophase: chromatin condensation (start mark), division pole determination, nucleolus shrinkage, spindle formation (temporary C apparatus, astral microtubules, kinetochore microtubules, overlapping microtubules)
② Metaphase: The chromosomes are condensed to the greatest extent and randomly arranged on the equatorial plate to form the mitotic apparatus.
③Later stage: the two sister chromatids separate and move to the cell level
④Telophase: Nuclear formation and cytokinesis of daughter cells, chromosome decondensation, nucleolus re-formation, and nuclear membrane reconstruction
2. Meiosis
DNA replicates only once, while cells divide twice in succession
①The first meiosis: completes the halving of chromosome number and the exchange of genetic material
(a) Prophase I: leptotene, eventene (synapsis, bivalents, synaptonemal complex), pachytene (synthesis of unique proteins, recombination summary), diplotene (cross-terminalization), terminal change Expect
(b) Metaphase I: kinetochores are located on the same side of the sister chromatids and are connected to microtubules on the same side
(c) Late phase: Homologous chromosomes separate; non-homologous chromosomes combine freely
(d) Telophase: Chromosomes decondensate and nucleoli reappear
②Short interval
③Second meiosis: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis
3.Amitosis
Direct division, the nuclear membrane does not disappear, no spindle formation and chromosome assembly
2. Cell cycle and its regulation
1. Cell cycle
The pattern that a cell goes through from the end of its last division to the end of its next division
①G1 phase: synthesis of RNA and ribosomes, 12~32h, critical
②S phase: synthesis of genetic material, DNA, histones and enzymes required for replication, replication of centrioles
③G2 phase: A large amount of RNA and protein (tubulin) are synthesized, mitosis preparation phase
2.Main changes in the cell cycle
3. Regulation of cell cycle
core
①Cell cyclin
A type of protein in eukaryotic C that appears and disappears periodically with the progression of C, and combines with other C proteins to regulate the C cycle
Features: C-cyclin box, destruction box, PEST sequence
CyclinA and B are degraded through polyubiquitination pathway
②C cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk
A protein kinase that must bind to cell cycle proteins and be phosphorylated to have kinase activity
Cki has an inhibitory effect on Cdk by binding to the cyclin-Cdk complex.
③The regulatory effect of cyclin-Cdk
(a) Phase G1
The complex formed by the combination of cyclinD, E and Cdk4/6 can enable cells in late G1 to cross the restriction point and transition to S phase.
The complex activates cycle transition-related proteins, and the complex is inhibited by cyclin-Cdk from protein degradation.
(b) S period
The cyclin in the cyclinD and E-Cdk complexes is degraded, and the cyclinA-Cdk complex is formed. Cells entering the S phase cannot reverse to G1.
The cyclinA-Cdk complex can initiate DNA replication through the pre-replication complex and prevent the replicated DNA from replicating again.
(c) G2, M phase
cyclinB-Cdk complex is also known as maturation promoting factor MPF
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of multiple protein substrates
(d) M period
Early stage of M: chromosome condensation, nuclear membrane lysis, and spindle formation
Metaphase cells: separation of two sister chromatids, key to initiating anaphase
Cell cycle checkpoints monitor cell cycle operations
① Unreplicated DNA detection point: recognizes unreplicated DNA and inhibits MPF activation
②Spindle assembly detection point
③Chromosome separation testing point
④DNA damage detection point: Damaged bases in G1 and S phases cannot be copied, which can avoid genome mutations and chromosome rearrangements; G2 phase can be repaired before mitosis
Various factors are related to cell cycle regulation
① Growth factors: Polypeptide substances produced by C autocrine or paracrine, promoting or inhibiting G1 and S phases
②Statin: C autocrine, inhibits C cycle progression, late G1 and G2 phases, non-toxic and reversible, specific in different cells
③cAMP and cGMP: They antagonize each other, cAMP negatively regulates, and cGMP promotes
④RNA splicing factor SR protein and SR protein-specific kinase:
3. C cycle and medicine
1. Tissue regeneration: the process of collective continuous production of new cells to supplement death due to physiological or pathological reasons
Physiological regeneration: maintain cell number constant renewal, stem cell division
Compensatory regeneration: highly differentiated tissues are repaired after damage, stimulating G0 phase cells to return to the cell cycle, and the cell cycle is accelerated.
2. Cell cycle abnormalities and tumor occurrence: G1 phase is longer, proliferating cells, temporarily non-proliferating cells, and non-proliferating cells
3. Cell cycle and HIV: cells cannot transition to the M phase and eventually undergo apoptosis; the G1 phase is longer in senescent cells