It is the entire process of material and energy exchange between organisms and the external environment. Including all chemical changes that substances undergo in the living body, referred to as metabolism.

Utilizing the structural elements of small molecules or macromolecules and converting them into the macromolecules needed for oneself is called anabolism, also known as biosynthesis

Determine the structure and function of enzymes and coenzymes involved in each metabolic reaction

Determine the structures, names and types of reactions of substrates, intermediate metabolites and end products in a metabolic pathway

Determine the regulatory mechanism of an enzymatic reaction

In vivo research

ex vivo research

isotope tracing method

enzyme inhibitors

hereditary metabolic defects

NMR spectroscopy

Gas measurement method

Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Genetic Engineering

Genome

transcriptome

Proteome

Metabolome

Sample collection, sample preprocessing, separation and detection of metabolites, data preprocessing, data analysis

The oxidation process of substances in living organisms is called biological oxidation. It mainly refers to the process in which energy is gradually released when sugar, fat, protein, etc. are decomposed in the body, and ultimately CO2 and H20 are generated.

Sugars, lipids, and proteins are broken down into their basic building blocks (glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids). At this stage, less energy is released, less than 1% of the total energy, and most of it is lost in the form of heat energy.

Glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids undergo a series of enzymatic reactions to generate acetyl CoA. The energy released in this stage accounts for about 1/3 of the total energy, part of which is stored in high-energy chemical compounds

Acetyl CoA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is completely oxidized to generate CO2, and undergoes four dehydrogenations at the same time: the removed hydrogen is transferred to oxygen through the respiratory chain to generate water, and a large amount of energy is released at the same time, part of which is stored in ATP for use by the body.

Follow the general rules of redox reactions (oxygenation, dehydrogenation, electron loss)

enzymatic reaction

Mild reaction conditions (body temperature, near neutral pH)

Gradual reaction, gradual release of energy

When water is produced, ATP is produced (oxidative phosphorylation)

A series of enzymes or coenzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane are arranged in a certain order to transfer hydrogen or electrons, which is called the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is related to cellular respiration, so it is also called the respiratory chain

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD): Coenzyme of various dehydrogenases, accepts 2H (2H 2e) removed from metabolites, and transfers it to flavoprotein (FP)

Flavoprotein (FP)

Iron-sulfur protein (Fe-S)

Ubiquinone (UQ, Q)

cytochrome

High-energy compounds containing high-energy phosphate bonds

Energy substances that can be directly utilized by living organisms

Substrate-level phosphorylation: coupled with the dehydrogenation reaction, the process of directly transferring energy in high-energy metabolite molecules to ADP to generate ATP or GTP

Oxidative phosphorylation: The process of coupling ADP phosphorylation to generate ATP during the electron transfer process in the respiratory chain, also known as coupled phosphorylation

Monooxygenase system (mixed functional oxidase, hydroxylase)

One oxygen atom of catalyzed O2 is added to the substrate molecule (hydroxylation), and the other oxygen atom is reduced by H to H2O (H from NADPH H)

Oxisosomes: Found in animal liver, kidney, and small intestinal mucosal cells

Contains a variety of enzymes that catalyze the production of H2O2, and also contains enzymes that decompose H2O2