Section 1 Composition and thermal energy of the atmosphere
composition of the atmosphere
(1) Dry air: the entire mixed gas except water vapor, liquid and solid impurities
(2) Water vapor: the only atmospheric component that can undergo phase changes; it can release and absorb heat
(3) Solid and liquid impurities
Aerosol particles: solid impurities and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere
quality of atmosphere
air quality
upper boundary of atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure
Air pressure: the mass of the vertical column of air per unit area from the observation altitude to the upper boundary of the atmosphere
Vertical distribution of air pressure: air pressure decreases with height
Atmospheric stratification
atmospheric heat
Atmospheric energy and thermal insulation effect
direct absorption of solar radiation
Absorption of ground radiation
Radiation balance of earth-atmosphere system
temperature
cyclic changes in temperature
Diurnal variation of temperature
annual changes in temperature
horizontal changes in temperature
vertical distribution of air temperature
Section 2 Atmospheric moisture and precipitation
Atmospheric humidity
Humidity concept and its expression method
water vapor pressure and saturation pressure
Absolute humidity and relative humidity
Absolute humidity: the mass of water vapor contained in a unit volume of air
Dew point temperature: the temperature at which moist air cools to saturation at isobaric pressure
Humidity changes and distribution
evaporation and condensation
Evaporation and its influencing factors
Factors affecting evaporation: temperature, nature, shape of the evaporation surface, air humidity and wind, etc.
Condensation and condensation conditions
Water vapor in the air needs to reach saturation and supersaturation
Atmospheric cooling process
condensation of water vapor
Condensation phenomenon on the ground surface
Condensation in the atmosphere
Fog: tiny milky white water droplets or ice crystals floating near the ground
Clouds: the phenomenon of water vapor condensation at high altitudes
Atmospheric precipitation
formation of precipitation
Two processes of cloud drop growth
1. Cloud droplet condensation (sublimation) growth
2. YunDi’s conflict and growth
Temporal changes in precipitation
Diurnal variation of precipitation
Seasonal changes in precipitation
Temperate and high latitude types
precipitation variability
Geographic distribution of precipitation
Dry rain zone between 15° and 30° north and south latitude
High latitude rainless belt
Section 3 Atmospheric Movements and Weather Systems
horizontal movement of the atmosphere
force acting on air
horizontal pressure gradient force
centrifugal force of inertia
air movement in free atmosphere
Wind changes with height
Changes in geostrophic wind with height - thermal wind
Changes in friction layer wind with height
Atmospheric circulation
Has a wide range of
certain stability
various airflows
comprehensive phenomenon of operation
global circulation
Global pressure zones: 7 latitudinal pressure zones
Planetary Wind System: Three Prevailing Wind Belts
Radial three-circle circulation
Fluctuations and jet streams in high-altitude westerlies
Major weather systems
air masses and fronts
Air mass and its classification Air mass refers to a large air mass with relatively uniform physical properties such as temperature, humidity, and vertical stability in the horizontal direction over a wide area.
Fronts and their classifications A front is a narrow transitional area formed by the meeting of two air masses with widely different temperatures or densities.
frontal weather
Quasi-stationary frontal weather
cyclones and anticyclones
Cyclone: formed by fluctuations on the front or the interface between air of different densities.
A horizontal air vortex that occupies three dimensions of space and has a lower central air pressure than its surroundings.
Section 4 The formation of climate
Climate and climate systems
climate concept
Climate definition: the general state of the atmosphere and its changing characteristics in a certain area over many years
climate system components
land surface (lithosphere)
formation of climate
Radiation factors in climate formation
Earth's radiation equilibrium temperature
Astronomical climate on Earth
Circulation factors that form climate
Atmospheric circulation, heat transport and moisture circulation
Atmospheric circulation and sea temperature anomalies
geographical factors of climate formation
The impact of land and sea distribution on climate
Impact of ocean currents on climate
Impact of topography on climate
climate zones and climate types
low latitude climate
tropical maritime climate
Tropical dry and wet season climate
Tropical arid and semi-arid climates
Tropical dry climate type
Tropical west coast foggy arid climate type
Tropical semi-arid climate type
Mid-latitude climate
Subtropical arid and semi-arid climate
subtropical monsoon climate
Subtropical humid climate
Subtropical summer dry climate (Mediterranean climate)
Temperate maritime climate
Temperate monsoon climate
Temperate continental humid climate
high latitude climate
subpolar continental climate
Polar cold climate (tundra climate)
Section 5 Climate Change
A brief history of climate change
Addressing climate change during the
climate change over historical periods
causes of climate change
Astronomical reasons
Changes in solar radiation intensity
Quasi-periodic changes in solar activity
Changes in Earth’s orbital elements
geological reasons
Pole shift and continental drift
Impact of human activities on climate
Possible changes in future climate
The climate system is a system that includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
including the land surface, cryosphere and biosphere,
can determine climate formation, climate distribution and
Unified physical systems for climate change.
Air masses can be divided into cold air masses and warm air masses according to their thermal properties.
①When an air mass moves toward an underlying surface that is warmer than it, it is called a cold air mass
②When it moves toward the underlying surface that is cooler than it, it is called a warm air mass
Classified by temperature and exercise conditions
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