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Human body structure mind map
Regarding the mind map of human body structure, the introduction is detailed and the description is comprehensive. I hope it can help those who are interested in learning.
Edited at 2023-11-24 10:50:55- cáncer de pulmón
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
- diabetes
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
- sistema digestivo
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Human body structure mind map
- cáncer de pulmón
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
- diabetes
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
- sistema digestivo
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
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Unit 1: The Structure of the Human Body
cells and basic tissues
cell
Cell shape and size
form
adaptability, diversity
Examples: microvilli of epithelial cells, biconcave disc shape of red blood cells
Examples: columnar, spherical...
size
Diameter is generally 7 to 30 microns
Extremely large: human egg cells, some nerve cells
Very small: small lymphocytes
general structure of cells
basic structure
cell membrane
Function
Biofilm: cell membrane and intracellular membranes
Element
Lipids: Mainly phospholipids, the phospholipid bilayer constitutes the skeleton of biological membranes
Membrane Protein
mosaic protein
Peripheral protein
membrane sugars
cytoplasm
organelles
Definition: Cytoplasmic structure with specific form and function
endoplasmic reticulum
single layer film
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: protein synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: anabolic steroids, lipids, sugar metabolism, hormone inactivation, calcium ion storage and release
golgi complex
single layer film
protein processing plant
Mitochondria
double layer membrane
Inner chamber (surrounded by intima)
Outer chamber: inner and outer membrane space
crest
grana
multiple enzymes
human power factory
lysosome
single layer film
Various hydrolases
Remove useless biological macromolecules, aged organelles and phagosomes from cells
Ribosome
No film
rRNA and protein
Synthesize protein
Classification
free ribosomes
Attached ribosomes
cell matrix
cell nucleus
double layer membrane
Regulatory Center of Cell Genetics and Metabolism
nuclear chromatin
nuclear matrix
nucleolus
Cytoskeleton
microfilament
microtubules
intermediate fiber
Three major structural systems
biofilm system
Form cell membranes and various relatively independent organelles
Mainly involved in cell metabolism
genetic information expression system
Genetic information carrier and expression system formed by DNA-protein and RNA-protein complexes
Mainly involved in the regulation of cell cycle rhythmic activities
cytoskeletal system
A grid system assembled from a series of specific structural proteins
Mainly involved in cell movement, morphology maintenance, and intracellular material transport
cell connection
tight connection
intermediate connection
desmosomes
gap junction
chemical synapse
basic organization
epithelial tissue
Epithelial cells have no obvious polarity
No blood vessels or lymphatic vessels, rich in sensory nerve endings
four types
Covering epithelium
Distribution: Body surface and inner surface of luminous organs in the body
Function: Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion
Classification
single layer squamous epithelium
Mesothelium
endothelium
Serosa
single layer cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
metastatic epithelium
Variable thickness and morphology of epithelial cells
2-3 layers when expanding, 5-8 layers when shrinking
Stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers of cells
keratinization
Stratified columnar epithelium
glandular epithelium
gland
gland cells
glandular epithelium
glands
Classification
endocrine glands
exocrine glands
salivary glands
serous glands
mixed gland
sensory epithelium
reproductive epithelium
connective tissue
Cells without polarity
Classification
loose connective tissue
Features: many types of cells, many matrixes, few fibers, and loose combinations
Widely distributed, existing between organs, tissues, and cells
Function: Connection, Support, Nutrition, Defense, Protection, Repair
constitute
cell
Fibroblasts
Participate in tissue renewal and trauma repair processes
Can transform into fibroblasts
Macrophages
Also called tissue cells in loose connective tissue
Function
Tropical directional movement and phagocytosis
Present antigen
Plasma cell
a lymphocyte
Synthesis, storage, and secretion of immunoglobulins
Mast cells
Involved in allergy/anaphylaxis
fat cells
Synthesis and storage of fat
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Original, differentiated potential
fiber cells
Endothelial cells
smooth muscle fiber
fiber
Collagen fiber/white fiber
Strong tensile strength and toughness
elastic fiber/yellow fiber
mesh fiber
Fixed connection function
matrix
Proteoglycan/Mucopolysaccharide
Barrier effect of molecular sieves
glycoprotein
tissue fluid
dense connective tissue
Role: Connect and support
regular dense connective tissue
Irregular dense connective tissue
elastic tissue
reticular tissue
The scaffold that makes up hematopoietic tissue
Distribution: bone marrow, lymphoid organs, tissues
Adipose tissue
Distribution: subcutaneous, omentum, mesentery
Classification
Yellow (white) adipose tissue
Univesicular histiocytes
Function: insulation, buffering, support
brown adipose tissue
multivesicular histiocytes
Newborns and hibernating animals have many
Function: Rapidly oxidize fat and provide heat to the body quickly
cartilage tissue
Chondrocytes
matrix
fiber
bone tissue
Composed of several types of cells and calcified intercellular matrix (bone matrix)
cell
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblast
bone cells
Osteoclasts
differentiate in turn
bone matrix
organic ingredients
fiber
It is collagen fiber, accounting for 90% of the organic ingredients
amorphous matrix
Inorganic components
Bone salts, accounting for 65% of bone weight
bone tissue of long bones
bone tissue of long bone diaphysis
bone mineral density
ring bone plate
Inside~
Outside~
bone unit
Also known as Haval system
interosseous plate
medullary cavity surface of long bones
Thin layer of cancellous bone
bone tissue at epiphysis
muscle tissue
There are muscle cells (also called muscle fibers)
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm/mass
Classification
Skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)
constitute
muscle belly
tendon
Function: connection, support, nutrition, protection
two structures
Light mirror structure
Skeletal muscle fiber also known as striated muscle
myofibrils
Bright band (I band)
Thin line with deep coloring in the center: Z line
Between the two Z-bands is: sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction and relaxation)
Dark band (A band)
Brighter area in the middle: H band
The darkly colored center line in the H zone: M line
Ultrastructure
myofibrils
Thick myofilaments
Thin myofilaments
Cross tube
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
cardiac muscle (involuntary muscle)
Light mirror structure
leap disk
Ultrastructure
The myofibrils are not obvious, and the striations are not as obvious as those of skeletal muscle.
The horizontal tube is thicker and located at the Z line
Sarcoplasmic reticulum sparse
leap disk
Mitochondria are more abundant
Smooth muscle (involuntary muscle)
Cells are spindle-shaped and mononuclear
Electron microscopy
There are small dimples
There are intermediate threads
Dense spots, dense bodies
No myofibrils
nervous tissue
cartilage
cartilage tissue
According to fiber composition and arrangement
hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
perichondrium