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EdrawMindHistology and Embryology (Histogenesis) Cartilage and Bone
MindMap Gallery Histology and Embryology (Histogenesis) Cartilage and Bone
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Histology and Embryology (Histogenesis) Cartilage and Bone
A mind map about histology and embryology, written by myself, full of useful information, friends in need should quickly collect it!
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Histology and Embryology (Histogenesis) Cartilage and Bone
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- Outline
cartilage and bone
cartilage
Cartilage tissue (no blood vessels and nerves)
Chondrocytes
embedded in cartilage lacunae
Three or two of the same cartilage cells gather together to form a homogeneous cell group
Under the electron microscope, there are abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Has the effect of producing cartilage matrix
Chondrocyte nutrition relies on matrix penetration
Chondrocytes are derived from osteoprogenitor cells, and cartilage matrix is derived from chondrocytes.
cartilage matrix
Extracellular matrix of cartilage tissue, gel-like
Made of amorphous matrix and fibers
Proteoglycans form an amorphous matrix, forming a structure similar to molecular sieves
The matrix adjacent to the cartilage lacunae is called the cartilage capsule
The main ingredients are proteoglycan and water
perichondrium
Except for articular cartilage, there is a dense connective tissue perichondrium on the surface of cartilage.
The membrane contains blood vessels, nerves, etc., providing nutrition and protection
There are osteoprogenitor cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium, which further differentiate into chondrocytes.
cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
Distribution: costal cartilage, articular cartilage, respiratory tract cartilage
Brittle, easy to break
fiber
Collagen fibrils composed of type II collagen
The fibers are so thin that they cannot be distinguished under a light microscope.
The refractive index is similar to that of the matrix and difficult to distinguish under a light microscope.
One of the reasons why cartilage is translucent: it contains more water
No blood vessels or nerves
Articular cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
Distribution: auricle, external auditory canal, Eustachian tube and epiglottis
Yellow when fresh
fiber
Mostly heavily intertwined elastane fibers
Very elastic
Fibrocartilage
Distribution: intervertebral disc, articular disc, pubic symphysis
fiber
Parallel or staggered bundles of collagen fibers
Strong toughness
Chondrocytes are few and arranged in parallel between fiber bundles
The occurrence and growth of cartilage
Additional growth with proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells
also known as subperichondrium growth
Osteoprogenitor cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium proliferate and differentiate into chondrocytes - chondrocytes, which continuously produce fibers and matrix to thicken the cartilage.
Interstitial growth without osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation
intraperichondrium growth
Existing chondrocytes—more valuable chondrocytes and cartilage matrix—expand and grow internally
bone
bone tissue
bone matrix refers to the calcified extracellular matrix
organic
35% of bone weight
Mainly 90% collagen fibers
A small amount of amorphous matrix
Matrix gel-like
Main ingredients: proteoglycan, adhesive to collagen fibers
There are also various proteins related to bone calcification, calcium ion transport, and adhesion between cells and bone matrix.
Inorganic, also known as bone salt
Accounts for 65% of bone weight
Calcification is the process of orderly deposition of inorganic salts into osteoid
The extracellular matrix of new bone tissue is osteoid without bone salt deposition.
bone plate
bone matrix structural form
Collagen fibers are arranged in parallel layers and bonded to bone salt and amorphous matrix
Increased bone strength
Contains bone cells The fibers in two adjacent bone plates are perpendicular to each other Fibers within the same bone plate are parallel to each other Visible within cancellous bone
cells of bone tissue
osteoprogenitor cells
Located in the inner layer of periosteum and perichondrium
Bone and cartilage stem cells
When bone tissue grows, remodels, and repairs fractures, it becomes active and differentiates into osteoblasts.
derived from mesenchymal cells
osteoblast
Under the electron microscope, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex can be seen, as well as chondrocytes!
During osteogenesis
Osteoblasts secrete organic components to form osteoid
Secretes and releases matrix vesicles to further form bone matrix
Osteoblasts gradually separate to form bone cells
Under the action of calcitonin, osteoblasts promote bone formation and blood calcium concentration decreases.
gap links between cells
Differentiated from mesenchymal cells
bone cells
The spaces where bone cells are located are bone lacunae
There are blue-purple protrusions around the lacunae, which are bone canalicles.
Gap junctions formed between adjacent bone cell processes
The bone lacunae and canaliculus spaces contain a small amount of tissue fluid, which nourishes bone cells and takes away metabolic products.
Under the action of hormones, bone cells have certain osteolytic and osteogenic effects
Osteoclasts
Scattered on the surface of bone tissue
Has strong bone dissolving ability and contains a large amount of lysosomes
The bone matrix is dissolved, calcium ions are increased, and blood calcium is increased. Complements each other with osteoblasts
Secrete a variety of hydrolases and organic acids
Nucleus ranges from 6 to 50 and is highly eosinophilic
fold edge
absorptive lacunae
derived from a single cell
structure of long bones
compact bone
Distributed on the lateral surface of the diaphysis and epiphysis
ring bone plate
Bone plates that surround the inner and outer surfaces of the backbone
Perforating canal: Periosteal blood vessels and nerves cross the outer ring bone plate or inner ring bone plate to form a perforating canal
The opening on the outer surface of the bone is a nutrient pore
bone unit
Located between the inner and outer ring bone plates
Plays a supporting role in long bones
The central canal contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers
Osteocytes within the same bone unit receive nutrient supply from their own central canal
The central tube and the through tube are connected, not parallel! !
Continuously renovated and updated
interosseous plate
Located between bony units or between bony single and ring bony plates
for the early remnant part
Compact bone has no trabeculae
Cancellous bone
Distributed on the inside of long bone epiphyses and diaphyses
filled with red bone marrow
There are trabeculae, which are also lamellae
articular cartilage
Periosteum nourishes bone tissue and provides stem cells for bone repair and growth.
Epiosseous membrane
Penetrating fibers refer to the fibers that penetrate the bone from the periosteal membrane and have the function of fixing the periosteum and ligaments.
The adventitia is thick and is dense connective tissue
Inner layer containing osteoprogenitor cells
endosteum
marrow
The occurrence and remodeling of bones
How bones occur
intramembranous osteogenesis
Refers to direct osteogenesis within the connective tissue membrane formed by mesenchymal differentiation
Interstitial cells - osteoprogenitor cells - osteoblasts - bone tissue
The ossification center gradually expands and remodels, and trabeculae increase to form cancellous bone.
The surface gradually becomes dense and connective tissue differentiates into periosteum.
endochondral osteogenesis
The formation of cartilage rudiments
formation of bony collar
interosseous plate
Formation of primary ossification center and medullary cavity
Formation of secondary ossification center and medullary cavity
Formation of secondary ossification center and epiphysis
Growth and remodeling of long bones
Bone lengthening (remember the order)
cartilage reserve area
Cells are small and dispersedly arranged
Cartilage hyperplasia area
Chondrocytes divide into homogeneous cell groups and are arranged in longitudinal rows to form cell columns.
cartilage mature zone
Cartilage calcification area
Chondrocyte degeneration and apoptosis
osteogenic zone
Visible transitional trabeculae
Bone thickening
bone remodeling
Construction of long bone profiles
Internal modifications of long bones
Factors affecting bone growth and development
vitamins
Vitamin A coordinates osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Lack of vitamin A can cause abnormal bone development and cause long bone growth retardation
hormone
Growth hormone and thyroid hormone promote chondrocyte growth
Too much growth hormone in childhood causes gigantism
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and maintain blood calcium levels
Estrogen and androgen promote osteoblast activity, and estrogen deficiency is related to osteoporosis in the elderly.
Glucocorticoids inhibit intestinal calcium absorption and renal tubular calcium reabsorption
Cytokines
Activates or inhibits osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Related to bone growth, reconstruction, and occurrence
stress effect
Under conditions of high stress within the physiological range, related to bone formation
Under low stress, bone resorption is the main factor, which will cause osteoporosis in the long term. Long-term bed rest will cause bone calcium loss.
Summary: Stress plays an important role in bone plasticity and internal remodeling by affecting bone formation and bone resorption.
cells capable of differentiation
chondroblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts are transformed into bone cells, not differentiated into bone cells
Osteogenesis, osteoclasts have no ability to differentiate