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Introduction to Psychology
The mind map of the introduction to the first chapter of "General Psychology" includes the essence of psychology, an overview of psychology, a brief history of the development of psychology, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-22 22:28:09
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- Outline
Chapter One Introduction
Section 1 The Essence of Psychology
definition
Human psychology is the human brain’s reflection of objective reality
1. The human brain is a psychological organ
(1) Human beings gradually realize the important role of the brain in the process of psychological formation
The brain is the organ of the mind, and the mind is the function of the brain. Thinking without the mind does not exist.
A normally developing brain provides the material basis for psychological development
(2) Psychology is the projection of objective reality
1. Objective reality is the source of the content of human psychological activities
Objective reality is an objective material world that exists independently without relying on human will, such as color and sound.
Emphasize that the basis of human psychology is human social life practice. Without human social life practice, there would be no human psychology. eg Wolf Child Incident
2. Human psychology is a subjective reflection of objective reality
Human psychological activities are both dependent on the organ of the human brain It is also determined by people’s social living environment, and is also affected by the subject’s personal subjective situation.
People with different interests, experiences, emotions, and world views have different reactions to the same objective reality. For example, eating sugar in normal times is sweet, but when you have a fever, it is bitter.
People's reflection of objective reality is the unity of objective and subjective
Section 2 Overview of Psychology
nature
Psychology is the science that studies the occurrence, development and laws of human psychological phenomena
logo
1879. Germany. Wilhelm Wundt’s world’s first psychological laboratory
Research object
human psychological phenomena
1. Psychological process
The process of development of psychological activities
Cognition/Knowledge Process (Basic)
The process by which people understand the world, acquire knowledge and apply knowledge
Feel
Individuals use their own eyes, ears, nose, tongue, hands and other different organs to reflect the individual attributes of objects, which is called feeling.
It is the basis of cognitive activities and the simplest cognitive process.
color, shape, size
perception
Through the function of senses and experience, various individual attributes of objects are integrated to form an overall understanding of the object.
eg Banana is a fruit of...
emotion affective process
The attitudes, experiences, and feelings that people have toward objective things, things they do, and others and themselves in the process of understanding objective things.
volitional process
People set certain goals in the process of interacting with the surrounding world, and through cognitive support and emotional support The psychological process of promoting the conscious efforts to overcome various internal obstacles and external difficulties to achieve the goal.
1. Human emotions and will are affected by cognitive activities, and they are derived from cognitive activities 2. Human emotions and will also affect cognitive activities and are internal factors that regulate and control cognitive activities.
2. Personality psychology
Those relatively stable psychological phenomena that often appear during the development and progression of an individual's mental process
Personality tendencies
Individual consciousness tendencies formed under certain social and historical conditions
personality psychological characteristics
ability
temperament
Character (Core)
Essential and stable psychological characteristics that are often manifested in an individual
principles and methods
in principle
principle of objectivity
developmental principle
systematic principle
educational principle
method
Observation
definition
A method of purposefully and plannedly understanding the psychology of the person being observed through their external performance under natural conditions.
Classification
direct observation
indirect observation
pros and cons
More real and natural, more passive and limited
Experimental Method
definition
A method of actively inducing or changing certain psychological phenomena of subjects through strictly controlled or created conditions for research purposes
Classification
laboratory experiment method
natural experiment method
Survey
definition
A method to indirectly understand the psychological activities of subjects by collecting various relevant materials about them
Classification
conversation method
Questionnaire method
work analysis
psychological testing
definition
A set of pre-labeled scales to test certain psychological qualities of subjects
Educational experience summary method and case study method
Section 3 A brief history of the development of psychology
Ancient
modern times
Main schools of psychology
constructivist school
Founder Wundt
Research object: conscious experience, and divides experience into three elements: feeling, image and passionate state
Experimental Methods: Experimental Introspection
functionalism school
Founder American James
Research object: adaptive psychological activities
Research methods: introspection, observation, measurement and questionnaire survey
behaviorism school
New Behaviorism: Watson Old Behaviorism: Skinner
Features
deny consciousness
Use objective experimental methods
Proposed stimulus-response behavior model
gestalt psychology
Representative figures: Wertheimer, Kofka
Emphasize the overall perspective and pay attention to the integration of various parts
Research Methods: Experiment
psychoanalytic school
Founder Sigmund Freud
Research object: subconscious mind
Personality Theory: Id, Self, Superego
humanistic school
Founders American Rogers, Maslow
Emphasis on human dignity and value
Studying issues of significance to personal and social progress
cognitive psychology