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Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Heredity
Biology Compulsory Course 2 Chapter 6: The molecular basis of inheritance, including DNA as the main genetic material and the transmission of genetic information through replication and expression.
Edited at 2023-11-18 15:42:14- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Heredity
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Heredity
Section 1 DNA is the main genetic material
experiment
Griffith-Transformation Experiment
in conclusion
The proposal of “conversion factor”
Avery-Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro transformation assay
in conclusion
"Transformation factor" is not protein, but DNA
Proof for the first time that DNA can be used as genetic material
Hershey & Chase: Experiment on bacterial infection with T2 phage
method
radioisotope labeling (The protein and DNA of the phage are labeled with radioactive isotopes 35S and 32P respectively)
in conclusion
The genetic material of T2 phage is DNA
Frenkel-Conradt & Williams: Tobacco mosaic virus recombination experiments
in conclusion
The genetic material of tobacco mosaic virus is RNA
in conclusion
The genetic material of most living things is DNA, and the genetic material of RNA viruses is RNA.
DNA structure
long chain macromolecules
Basic unit: deoxyribonucleotide
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose
base
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Deoxyribonucleotide linkage
Phosphodiester bond
Single-stranded base sequence writing
From 5' end to 3' end
double stranded structure
base pairing principle
A-T C-G
Bases are held together by hydrogen bonding
A-T: 2 hydrogen bonds
C-G: 3 hydrogen bonds
antiparallel
double helix
stand
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose
pedal
base pair
Section 2 Genetic information is transmitted through replication and expression
DNA replication
Way
semi-preservative copy
template
2 parent strands of DNA
raw material
4 deoxynucleoside triphosphates
condition
ATP
enzyme
DNA helicase
Function: Unlock hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase
Function: Form phosphate diester bond
product
2 identical DNA
Progeny DNA composition
Keep a parent chain and generate a new sub-chain
place
Nucleus (main)
Mitochondria, chloroplasts
in principle
complementary base pairing
process
Copy while unrotating
time
Interval (s period)
Daughter chain synthesis direction
5' to 3'
Transcribe
direction
Along the 3' to 5' end of the template strand
Single-stranded RNA is ligated along the 5' to 3' end
template
a strand of DNA
raw material
4 ribonucleoside triphosphates
place
Nucleus (main)
condition
ATP
RNA polymerase
Untwist
polymerization
in principle
complementary base pairing
product
3 types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
translate
a
degeneracy
Two or more codons correspond to the same amino acid
Start codon: AUG
Stop codon: UAA UGA UAG
64 types in total
anticodon
61 types in total
template
mRNA
direction
5' to 3'
place
Ribosome
big subunit
small subunit
raw material
20 kinds of amino acids
in principle
complementary base pairing
product
polypeptide chain
Eukaryotes transcribe first and then translate, while prokaryotes transcribe and translate at the same time.
central dogma
Reverse transcription & RNA replication
RNA virus
Section 3 Selective expression of genes leads to cell differentiation
The nature of cell differentiation
selective expression of genes
Various ways to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes
Transcription level regulation
DNA methylation
Histone modifications
Post-transcriptional regulation
RNA alternative splicing
translation level control
RNA interference
Affects RNA lifespan
post-translational regulation
Protein processing and modification
proinsulin processing
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression
DNA methylation
inhibit transcription
Acts on cytosine
Affects the binding of transcription-related proteins and promoters
Histone modifications
Promote/inhibit transcription
RNA interference
inhibit translation process
siRNA binds to mRNA and induces its breakdown