Glucose generates glucose-6-phosphate (Hexokinase HK participates, hydrolyzes ATP, requires magnesium ions)

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerization produces fructose-6-phosphate (hexose phosphate isomerase, requires magnesium ions)

Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (phosphofructokinase-1, requires ATP, magnesium ions)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of triose phosphate (aldolase, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

Tautomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (triose phosphate isomerase, final isomerization to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hydrogen acceptor is NADH H)

Converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase, substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate, requires the participation of magnesium ions)

3-Phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate mutase, requires magnesium ions)

Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

Phosphodiol pyruvate is converted into pyruvate (pyruvate kinase, substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP, requires the participation of magnesium ions and potassium ions)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to lactate using NADH H to donate hydrogen

Catalyzed by the key enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to generate acetyl CoA, NADH (2.5ATP), H, CO2

Acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citric acid (citrate synthase)

Isomerization of citric acid into isocitrate (aconitase)

Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate generates α-ketoglutarate (isocitrate oxidative dehydrogenase generates NADH H, which requires the participation of magnesium ions for the first decarboxylation)

Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate generates succinyl CoA (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, generates NADH H, CO2, second decarboxylation)

Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate (succinyl-CoA synthase, the only substrate level phosphorylation to generate ARP or GTP)

Dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate (succinate dehydrogenase (inner mitochondrial membrane), generates FADH2)

Fumaric acid adds water to form malic acid (fumarase)

Dehydrogenation of malate to oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase, generates NADH H)

Generate 30 or 32ATP

Aerobic oxidation of sugar inhibits anaerobic oxidation of sugar

Key enzyme: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)

Glucose unit that needs to be activated (consumes two molecules of energy: ATP, UTP generates UDPG)

Need primers

Synthesis has direction

branch formation

Glycogen phosphorylase (acting on the α-1,4 glycosidic bond) phosphorylates a glucose group from the non-reducing end of glycogen to generate glucose-1-phosphate

debranching enzyme

Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate

Pyruvate and CO2 generate oxaloacetate under the action of pyruvate carboxylase (in the mitochondrial matrix) (consuming ATP, biotin is a coenzyme)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, consumes GTP

Fructose diphosphate kinase-1 (the most important key enzyme, mainly subject to allosteric regulation), exergonic reaction, does not produce ATP

Glucose-6-phosphatase