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Chemistry-Alkynes Mind Map
This is a mind map about chemistry - alkynes, including electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, dienes, etc. Hope this helps!
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Chemistry-Alkynes Mind Map
- bacteria
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Alkynes
Electrophilic bonus
hydrogenation
In the presence of a catalyst, alkanes are produced
Hydrogenation and reduction of alkynes
Syn addition Linalar catalyst generates olefins
Trans addition Reduction reaction of alkali metal and liquid ammonia to produce alkenes
Addition with halogen
Double bonds react more easily with bromine water than triple bonds
reason
The structure itself (bond length, bond energy)
The higher the s component of hybrid sp2 sp3, the higher the electronegativity and the higher the Π electron-attracting ability.
Intermediate stability
Bonus with HX (Malanovitch)
Carbocation stability comparison
Catalytic water addition (Martens)
Catalyst: mercury sulfate in sulfuric acid solution
Hydroboration-oxidation reaction (anti-horse)
nucleophilic addition
Reacts with acetic acid
reacts with HCN
Addition to ethanol (specific to alkynes)
Can be used to identify alkynes and alkenes
Diolefins
Allene
Symmetric molecules
1,3-butadiene
conjugate
Π-Π conjugated system characteristics
All atoms are coplanar
Alternating positive and negative charges
The transmission of conjugate effect is not affected by the transmission distance
p-Π conjugation
hyperconjugation
σ-Π hyperconjugation
σ-p hyperconjugation
possible conformations
s-cis
s-trans
Key points Resonance theory
Representative symbol: double arrow
The more structural formulas a molecule has, the more stable the molecule is.
The same number of covalent bonds contribute the same
Resonance formulas that satisfy the octet are more stable than those that do not.
In the resonance formula that satisfies the octet, atoms with large electronegativity are negatively charged, and atoms with small electronegativity and positive charge are more stable.
Contribution with charge separation is smaller than without charge classification
Those with more covalent bonds are more stable than those with fewer covalent bonds
Large deformation of bond angles and bond lengths will result in small contribution
Chemical properties of conjugated dienes
1,4-Bonus/1,2-Bonus
Influencing factors
Solvent: Polar solvent is beneficial to 1,4-addition reaction
Temperature: Low temperature is beneficial to 1,2-addition, and rising temperature is beneficial to 1,4-addition.
1,4 addition reaction mechanism
carbocation
Diene synthesis
1,4-addition of conjugated dienes, carbon-carbon double bonds, and carbon-carbon triple bond compounds for ring closure
Important raw materials: Butenedioic anhydride
Features
Reversible reaction
Diene (such as 1,3-butadiene): donor group
Dienophile (such as ethylene): electron-withdrawing group
Precautions
The diene is in the cis conformation
cis addition
application
Important reagent for identifying conjugated dienes: maleic anhydride
Generate C-C closed loop