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eukaryotic microorganisms
This is a mind map about eukaryotic microorganisms, including the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, the fungal kingdom, and the differences between them and prokaryotes. Hope this helps!
Edited at 2023-11-13 15:43:09- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
eukaryotic microorganisms
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
eukaryotic microorganisms
plant kingdom
microscopic algae
animal world
protozoa
fungi kingdom
Oomycetes
slime mold
Fungus
Large fruiting body fungi
mushrooms
single cell fungus
yeast
Features
single cell state
multiplication by budding
Capacity to ferment sugars
Cell wall often contains mannan
Often lives in aquatic environments with high sugar content and high acidity
Form and structure
Shape: Spherical, oval and cylindrical
After some yeasts undergo a series of budding reproduction, the daughter cells and mother cells are not separated immediately, and they will form strings of node-shaped cells, called pseudohyphae.
cell structure
cell wall
sandwich structure
(exo)mannan
Protein (glycoprotein)
(endo)glucan
Maintain cell wall mechanical strength
Snail digestive enzyme has good hydrolysis effect on the various components of yeast cell wall It is a commonly used reagent for preparing yeast protoplasts.
cell membrane
50% protein, 40% lipids and a small amount of sugar
cell nucleus
A porous, double-layered nuclear membrane enclosing a defined nucleus
In addition to DNA in the nucleus, yeast mitochondria and circular "2μm plasmids" also contain DNA.
vacuole
Contains a variety of hydrolases, so if the vacuole is broken, it can cause cell autolysis
filamentous fungi
Mold
Definition: Any fungus whose colonies appear velvety, spider web-like, cotton-like or carpet-like on solid media is collectively called mold.
Form and structure
hyphae
Vegetative hyphae that penetrate deep into the matrix to absorb nutrients when growing on solid media are called vegetative hyphae
Aerial hyphae that stretch into the air
hyphae
septate hyphae
During the growth process of the hyphae, the diaphragm separates the hyphae into multiple cells. The division of the nucleus is accompanied by the division of the cell. Each cell has one or more nuclei.
septate hyphae
The entire hyphae is a single cell. There are many nuclei in the hyphae. During the growth of the hyphae, there is division of nuclei and an increase in protoplasm, but there is no increase in the number of cells.
concept
A tiny organism whose nucleus has a nuclear membrane, can undergo mitosis, and has mitochondria or chloroplasts and other organelles in the cytoplasm.
Differences from prokaryotes
The cells are larger and have different cell wall components. There are sterols in the cell membrane. The cell membrane does not contain respiratory or photosynthetic components. There are organelles. The flagella are thick and complex.
Larger shape, more complex structure, and more specialized functions of organelles
Characteristics of mold colonies
Composed of branched mycelium, loose, dry in appearance, opaque, fluffy, cotton-like, spider web-like, or felt-like, several to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies, some with pigments
Propagation of mold
sexual
asexual spores
A new individual of the same species formed by the division of vegetative cells or the differentiation of hyphae without the combination of sexual cells.
Arthrospores
chlamydospores
Conidia
Cystospores
zoospores
Jingbaozi
hyphal fragments
asexual
sexual spores
Spores formed by the union of sexual cells are called sexual spores
oospores
zygospores
Ascospores
Quasisexual reproduction
genetic recombination, somatic cell recombination
Hyphal specialization
Specialized vegetative mycelium
absorb nutrients
rhizoid
Inhaler
attach
appressorium
attached branch
hibernate
sclerotia
Fungi
extend
stolons
Prey on nematodes
Bacteria ring
bacterial net
specialized aerial hyphae
Simple
asexual
Conidial heads
Penicillium
Aspergillus
sporangium
Rhizopus
Mucor
sexual
burden
Basidiomycetes
complex
asexual
Pycnidia
Conidia
Sexual (ascocarps)
cleistothecia
ascus
ascus disc
Yeast colony characteristics
They are larger and thicker than bacterial colonies, opaque, mostly milky white, and a few are red. The appearance is moist (drier than bacterial colonies) and thicker (sugar, protein)
Yeast life history
The whole process of the previous generation of biological individuals going through a series of growth and development stages to produce the next generation of individuals.
Three different life histories
Trophic bodies can only exist in haploid form
Vegetative cells are haploid, and asexual reproduction is fission. Diploid cells cannot live independently, and this period is extremely short
Trophic bodies can only exist as diploids
The vegetative body is diploid and germinates continuously for a long time; the haploid ascospores fuse in the ascus; the haploid stage only exists in the form of ascospores and cannot live independently.
Trophic bodies can exist in both haploid and diploid forms
Under normal circumstances, budding occurs in a vegetative state, and sexual reproduction occurs under certain conditions.
How yeast reproduces
asexual
Budding: Found in various yeasts
The number of buds a yeast can form is limited (average 24)
Each time budding leaves a bud mark on the mother cell and a pedicle mark on the daughter cell
Schizosaccharomyces: Found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
The cell elongates, the nucleus is divided into two, and a septum appears in the center of the cell, dividing the cell into two daughter cells of equal size, each with one nucleus.
produce asexual spores
Arthrospores (Powdery Spores)
Geotrichum
Throw spores
Throwing yeast
chlamydospores
Candida albicans
Sexual (producing ascospores)
Saccharomyces spp., Zygosaccharomyces spp.
Formation process
touch
Fusion
Quality match
match
meiosis to form daughter nuclei
spore wall formation
Fungal characteristics
Cell structure: has a true nucleus and mitochondria, Cell wall components are mainly chitin and glucan
Nutritional characteristics: No chlorophyll, chemoorganic heterotrophic type
Reproduction method: asexual/sexual spores
Ecological characteristics: Strongly terrestrial