knower

Cognitive object

Cognitive situation

cognitive bias

Correspondence inference theory definition: People try to deduce whether the behavioral intentions and motivations of others correspond to the observed human behavior and its results. This attribution derivation process is called "correspondence inference theory." Influencing factors: (1) Free choice of behavior; (2) The degree of social desirability of the behavior; (3) Social role.

Attribution definition: It is the process by which individuals speculate and judge the causes of other people's behavior. Principles of use: (1) Co-variation principle: that is, a specific cause changes in many different The situation is related to a specific result. When the cause does not exist, the result does not appear. At this time, we can attribute the result to the cause; (2) Exclusion principle, that is, if it is only an internal or external If one aspect of the cause is enough to explain the event, we can rule out another aspect of the cause.

Three-dimensional attribution theory (multiple clue analysis theory): People mostly make attributions under uncertain conditions. People accumulate information from multiple events and use the "co-variation principle" to solve uncertain problems. three phases: (1)Observe behavior (2) Determine the reason (3) Eliminate accidental factors and factors forced by the environment. Three results: (1) Attributed to the actor; (2) Attribution to early objective stimuli; (3) Attributed to the situation or relationship in which the actor is located. Three basic pieces of information: (1) Discriminative information: refers to whether the actor only responds to the current object or has the same response to many different objects. (High distinctiveness means that the actor only responds to the current object; low distinctiveness means the actor produces the same response to many different objects. (2) Consistency information refers to whether the actor’s behavior is the same as that of most people. The same means high consistency, otherwise it means low consistency. (3) Consistency information refers to whether the actor always reacts the same way to the current object. Consistency is high if the same response is always produced.

Three-dimensional theory of attribution: internal and external sources, stability, and controllability.

attribution bias Attribution error: This refers to the tendency of people to overestimate the role of internal factors when attributing other people's behavior, even when the influence of situational factors is obvious. Self-defensive attribution: refers to the tendency of people to attribute their positive behavioral results (success) to personal factors, and to attribute their negative behavioral results (failure) to environmental factors.

Social attitude: It is an inner psychological organization and system that is composed of individual psychological components such as cognition, emotion and behavioral intention, is connected with people's conceptual consciousness, and is influenced and guided by it. feature (1) Stability and durability: able to remain relatively stable and unchanged for a long period of time. (2) Internality: Explicit behavior: Systematic observation or logical inference to form knowledge and understanding of attitudes; Implicit behavior: unconscious. (3) Objectivity: It always points to and targets a specific person, thing, object, etc., and is formed around the specific actual object. (4) It has an obvious directional and driving influence on people's external behavioral responses: the generation and formation of the attitude itself will be affected and restricted by various conditional factors, affecting the occurrence of behavior, the way the behavior is expressed, and the direction and goal of the behavior. .

Attitude is composed of individual psychological activities such as cognitive, emotional and behavioral tendencies. Main dimensions: (1) Relevance: refers to the interconnection and mutual influence between the various elements of attitude. (2) Consistency: refers to the mutual consistency and consistency between the various elements of attitude. coordination. (3) Centrality: refers to the degree that each element of an attitude has in the attitude. effect.

Main functions of attitude: (1) The function of reflecting reality: It means that attitude is an important activity and process for people to understand and understand objective social existence. It reflects people’s subjective awareness of objective reality and also reflects people’s own objective existence. (2) The function of cognitive schema; refers to the function of attitude that affects the development of people's cognitive activities. (3) Behavior guidance function: It means that attitude has the function of generating behavioral intentions, guiding behavioral choices, and ultimately preparing and planning for the occurrence of behaviors. (4) The function of social evaluation and influence: refers to the fact that attitudes include individuals’ tendentious reactions and preferences towards objects. The role of attitude (external attribution): (1) Instrumental: It can help individuals satisfy their utilitarian needs; (2) Self-expression: Emphasizes the social value of individuals taking the initiative to express themselves; (3) Self-defense: Individuals choose attitudes that are conducive to self-defense.

Kelman’s three-stage theory of attitudes: Imitation or obedience stage Assimilation stage Internalization stage It is an integral part of the body's true belief and acceptance of other people's opinions and incorporating them into its own attitude system. 1. The stage of attitude change: (1) Shaping and adjustment stage (imitation) (2) Adjustment and identification stage (identification, assimilation) (3) Internalization and taking root stage (internalization) 2. Information content and attitude changes "Information source effect": When the credibility of the information source increases, the change in attitude will increase accordingly, and this effect is significantly greater than the effect of the information content itself on attitude change. Cognitive dissonance theory: Festinger believes that individuals have many cognitive factors about themselves, the environment and attitude objects, and when the cognitive factors have a "non-cooperative" relationship. Individuals will experience cognitive dissonance. Reasons: logical contradiction; cultural value conflict; conceptual contradiction; conflict between old and new experiences. The “sleeper effect”: the influence of a news source fades with the passage of time 3. Persuasion and communication 4. Cognitive judgment 5. Information processing

The impact of attitudes on behavior

The impact of behavior on attitudes

Stereotypes (cognitive products)

Prejudice (subjective preference and emotional component) and discrimination (derived from prejudice)

(1) Social interaction (social communication): It is an activity of interaction and mutual influence between individuals, individuals and groups, and groups and groups in order to meet certain needs. (2) Symbolic interactionism (symbolic interactionism): It is a theoretical school that focuses on studying social behavior from a sociological perspective. Emphasize that society is composed of interacting individuals. (3) Dramatism: A theory that uses performance and metaphor to illustrate people's social interactions in daily life, represented by American sociologist Goffman. Ordinary methodology (local methodology): refers to the methods and techniques used by people to create impressions under the social wall. These techniques or rules involve how to help people form a common consciousness about reality.

1. Symmetric social interaction (1) Exchange definition: individuals or groups communicate with each other in some way and A means intended to obtain reward or reward. Social exchange theory: focusing on the costs people pay during interactions and the rewards received. Homans explains exchange as the following proposition: (1) Success proposition; (2) Stimulating proposition; (3) Value proposition; (4) Deprivation and satisfaction proposition; (5) Violate and agree with the proposition; (6) Rational proposition. (2) Cooperation definition: collaboration between individuals or groups for a common goal Activity. Classification: According to the interaction mode, it is divided into informal cooperation, formal cooperation and symbiotic cooperation. According to the formation process of cooperation, it is divided into traditional cooperation, contractual cooperation and natural cooperation. (3) Competition definition: refers to the hope of surpassing others and gaining recognition. In a broad sense: it refers to the competition for survival among organisms and is a common phenomenon in biological evolution. universal law Narrow sense: It is a confrontational behavior in which individuals or groups strive to outdo each other. Classification: (1) Extreme individualistic view of competition: It is for the realization of individual goals without considering the lives of others, and adopts a completely exclusive and hostile attitude towards others. (2) The overall individualistic view of competition is to find one's own goals in living together with others, and at the same time participate in some common pursuit activities to achieve these goals. (3) Collectivism (Rice Theory): Realize the necessity of symbiosis and coexistence between individuals and others. Factors affecting cooperation and competition: (1) Group characteristics affect cooperation and competition (2) The reward structure of the group affects the choice of group members to compete or cooperate (3) Group size and mutuality will also affect competition and cooperation within the group (4) External situation and cultural characteristics. value factors (5)Personality factors (6)Attribution (7)Problem solving ability (8)Empathy ability (4) Conflict: It is an escalation of competition Recognize the stages of conflict: (1) The traditional view of conflict believes that all conflicts are bad and destructive. Extremely, so conflicts must be avoided and minimized. (2) The interpersonal perspective believes that for all organizations and groups It is said that conflicts are innate. Since conflicts are inevitable, the school of interpersonal relations suggests that conflicts should be accepted and the existence of conflicts rationalized. (3) The interaction view encourages conflict and believes that harmony, peace, Tranquil, cooperative organizations tend to be quiet about the need for change. Stasis, indifference and dullness. Appropriate, especially controllable, conflict may sometimes be conducive to stimulating the healthy development of the group. Therefore, organizations must both limit destructive conflicts and promote constructive conflicts. The stages of conflict formation: (1)Potential opposition or inconsistency stage (2) Cognitive and emotional investment stage (3) Behavioral intention stage (4) Behavioral stage (5)Result stage

2. Asymmetric conflict (1) Definition of suggestion: It refers to the influence on the psychology and behavior of others through words, actions, expressions or certain symbols under non-confrontational conditions, causing others to accept a certain point of view or opinion of the suggestor, or to follow the hint. way activities. Classification: (1) According to source: Self-suggestion and other-suggestion, self-suggestion includes negative self-suggestion and positive self-suggestion (2) According to the issuing method: Direct suggestion, indirect suggestion and counter-suggestion Factors affecting suggestion: (1) The suggestion effect is affected by age and gender. (2) Affected by the psychological state of the suggester; (3) Personality tendencies are related to the effect of suggestion; (4) Affected by situation (5) Under the influence of the suggester; (6) Affected by the characteristics of the knotted stimulus. (2) Definition of imitation: copying, which refers to the behavioral matching between the observer and the demonstrator Factors affecting imitation (1) Social situation factors (2) Demonstrator factor (3) Content and delivery method of demonstration information (4) Cognitive level and experience of the imitator (3) Contagion definition: The process by which emotions or behaviors are transmitted from one individual to another. (In terms of behavior, it is a kind of imitation with innate adaptive function) According to the distinction between emotion and behavior, it is divided into emotional contagion and behavioral contagion. feature: (1) Infection occurs under non-stressful conditions and is an unconscious and involuntary submission. (2) The essence of infection is the transmission and communication of emotions

Interpersonal communication: refers to the process of contact between people in society, that is, the process of transmitting information, communicating ideas, and exchanging emotions between people. Social interaction: is the process by which people act on others or respond to the actions of others in a mutual or exchange manner. the difference: (1) The factors that social interaction should generally include include all parties involved in the interaction to It can be between individuals or groups. Or the social interaction between individuals and groups is more inclined to the sociological perspective, while communication is more inclined to the behavioral process from the psychological perspective; (2) Communication is limited to human activities, while interaction is sometimes considered Because they are not exclusive to humans, many non-human organisms also use fixed behaviors to communicate with each other. Elements of interpersonal communication: (1) Sender (2) Receiver (3) Information (4) Information channels (5) Feedback (6) Noise (7) Environment Factors affecting interpersonal communication Information factors: (1) Whether the information content is reliable and complete, the arrangement and order of the language are appropriate, the key points are highlighted, the order of combination, information processing, classification and organization, important information extraction, data analysis, relevant relationships and conclusions (2) Information sources, communication methods, attitudes during the transmission process, knowledge level, and social status (3)Information communication channels (4)Information recipient Interpersonal communication classification (1) From the perspective of whether the status of the sender and the receiver of the message has changed, it is divided into one-way communication and two-way communication. (2) Due to differences in status, interpersonal communication in the group presents upward, downward and parallel situations, which are divided into upward communication (upward communication) and downward communication (downward communication) (3) False interdependent communication, asymmetric interdependent communication, reaction interdependent communication, and mutual interdependent communication according to the phase status of the interacting subjects (4) According to instrumental communication and emotional communication, it is divided into instrumental inquiry and emotional communication. (5) According to organizational channels, it is divided into formal communication and informal communication. (6) According to communication tools, it is divided into oral communication and written communication. interpersonal communication network Formal communication: From the perspective of information transmission speed: wheel > circle > chain Informal communication: (1) cluster ditch: fastest; (2) Gossip communication: the most widespread; (3) Single-line communication: It is through a series of people that the trail is eliminated. dissemination of information to the final recipient; (4) Accidental communication is the spreading of gossip to others at random His people.

Language communication: that is, communication achieved by relying on the language symbol system and using word symbols as the carrier, mainly including oral communication, written communication and electronic communication, etc. Non-verbal communication system: refers to the transmission of information through actions, expressions, objects, environment, etc. in the process of interpersonal perception and communication. Quantitative formula, that is, 100% information delivery - 7 speech, 38% speech, 55% non-verbal symbol system Non-verbal communication is divided into vocal and silent (1) Vocal non-verbal communication includes auxiliary language system and quasi-language system (2) Silent non-verbal communication includes static silence and dynamic silence. Static silence includes static posture and spatial distance, and dynamic silence includes facial expressions and body movements. The difference between verbal and non-verbal (1) The former uses words as the medium and uses sound as a channel to transmit information. It can control the words and is a relatively structured communication method. The latter is continuous. (2) The latter is a continuous transmission of information through multiple channels, many of which are habitual, unconscious, and unstructured forms of communication. (3) The speaker’s emotions affect language use

The essence of interpersonal relationships: Interpersonal relationships are the psychological relationships established between people in common activities to seek to satisfy various needs. Humans are social animals with a tendency to be gregarious and live in groups. According to the degree of emotional integration, interpersonal relationships are divided into mild involvement, moderate involvement, and severe involvement. Types of interpersonal relationships: (1) Master-slave (2) Cooperation (3) Competition (4) Master-slave-competition (5) Master-slave-cooperation (6) Competition-cooperation (7) Master-slave-cooperation 1. Competitive type (8) irregular type

The concept of interpersonal attraction: Interpersonal attraction is not only the expression of people’s social attributes, but also the way to realize people’s social attributes. Interpersonal attraction is a form of positive affirmation in interpersonal relationships. The rules of interpersonal attraction (four rules): (1)Proximity Exposure effect (also called simple contact effect) means that mere familiarity can induce liking (2) Physical attractiveness (beautiful is good stereotype) (3) Similarity and complementarity (4)Reciprocity

(1) Friendship is the emotion that both parties condense together (online friendship, self-disclosure) Reasons for self-disclosure: friendship development, self-clarification, social validation, social control Risks of self-disclosure: coldness, rejection, loss of control, betrayal (2)Love Six types: passionate love, game love, companionship love, crazy love, selfless love Three aspects of the love category: lust (sexual passion, desire), intimacy (sincerity and understanding), and commitment (investment and devotion) There are three components and six types of love triangle theory: (1) Perfect love (passion, commitment, intimacy) (2) Love (intimacy) (3) Romantic love (intimacy, passion) (4) Partner’s love (intimacy, commitment) (5) Empty love (commitment) (6) Obsessive love (passion, commitment) (3)Family affection People's relationship networks are generally based on blood ties and geographical connections, among which blood ties are the most important. (4) The formation and end of intimate relationships Infant attachment styles: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment

Interpersonal trust: It is an individual's expectation of whether others are trustworthy. This expectation is affected by people's special experiences in specific situations and people's general experiences summarized based on similar experiences. The former constitutes the individual's special trust, and the latter It constitutes the general trust of individuals. "Trust of relatives" is higher than "trust of acquaintances" and higher than "trust of strangers" Social trust: Universal trust refers to trust in strangers or most people in society. It reflects an individual’s trust in the goodness of human nature. Therefore, social trust has become an important part of social capital and is related to a country’s economic growth and development. Civilization and progress are the guarantee for the healthy operation of a society

(1) The relationship between groups and individuals An individual refers to an individual who has the universal natural and social attributes of human beings and acts in a unique way. A group is two or more individuals who are united through certain social relationships. They follow common behavioral norms, have common goals, depend on each other emotionally, and influence each other ideologically. (The sign is whether the members of the group are psychologically connected) Group characteristics: (1) Continuous interaction (2) Certain behavioral norms (3) Consistent goals (4) Clear membership relationships Relationship between individuals and groups: interdependence, unity of opposites (2) Group and intergroup relations Four important classifications of social groups 1. According to the principles and methods of group formation, groups can be divided into formal groups (common goals) and informal groups (natural formation) 2. Based on the interactive relationship characteristics of group members. As a standard, it can be divided into primary groups and secondary groups 3. Divide group members into in-groups and out-groups based on their positions and attitudes. 4. According to the identity of the members, they can be divided into affiliated groups and reference groups. Social identity: an individual's awareness of belonging to a social group, and the emotional and value meanings associated with group membership There are three processes of social identification: social analogy, social comparison, and positive distinction. (3)Group life Group: is the result of adaptation in the process of evolution Group norms: refers to the standards of behavior established by the group Group normative functions: group maintenance, cognitive standardization, directional behavior Influencing factors: individual characteristics, group composition, group tasks, geographical environment, organizational norms, group performance Research on group norms: herd behavior (Sharif light point experiment, Asch line segment experiment) Group pressure: A group uses the power of norms to form a psychological coercion on its members to constrain the behavior of its members.

Social influence: refers to the changes in a person’s beliefs, attitudes, emotions and behaviors under the influence of others. Attitude changes are a typical example of this. Social facilitation: refers to the improvement of behavioral efficiency brought about by an individual's awareness of others Social inhibition: The efficiency of an individual's activities is reduced due to the influence of other members of the group. Two theories of social inhibition 1. The theory of strengthening of dominant responses. The theory of strengthening of dominant responses. 2. Distraction conflict theory The path of social influence (1) public opinion (2) popularity (3) hints (4) rumors Group structure: refers to the components of a group, including the formal leadership, roles, norms, status, group size, group composition, etc. that make up the group. Group structure specifies the behavior of members, through which individual behavior and work performance can be explained and predicted. Social norm acceptance level and psychological effects: (1) Compliance: Accept and fulfill other people’s requests (2) Threshold effect: Once you accept a trivial request from others, you may accept a larger request in order to avoid cognitive dissonance or to give others a consistent impression. (3) Face-saving effect: First make a big request that will be rejected, and then ask him a smaller request. Then he is more likely to accept this small request than if you directly ask him this small request. Much more likely to be accepted

1. Group development and group functions The development of a group can be divided into five stages: The first stage is the formation stage The second stage is the shock stage The third stage is the standardization stage The fourth stage is the task execution stage The fifth stage is the suspension stage The above five stages do not always proceed in sequence, and some stages may occur simultaneously; the group does not always move forward from one stage to another, but may retreat to the previous stage. group function (1) Sense of belonging (2) Sense of identity (3) Social support 2. Group decision-making Group decision-making: In order to give full play to the collective wisdom, the whole process of decision-making, analysis and decision-making is carried out by everyone. Basic elements: decision-maker, decision-making goal, decision-making plan, state of nature, decision-making results, decision-making rules 3. Group decision-making rules Principles: 1. Simple majority principle, 2. Majority principle, 3. Condorcet principle Decision-making techniques: brainstorming, nominal group technique, Delphi method (anonymous), electronic meetings

Group cohesion refers to the cohesive force formed by the group's attraction to members, members' centripetal force toward the group, and the closeness of interpersonal relationships among members. Leader categories: 1. According to the source of power, leaders can be divided into three types: charismatic, transactional and transformational 2. Lewin divided leadership into three types: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire. 3. Fiedler proposed the contingency theory of effective leadership. He divided leadership behavior into two categories: relationship-oriented and work-oriented.

Interpersonal behavior: refers to the interaction between two or more individuals. This interaction is completely determined by their interpersonal relationships and individual characteristics, and is completely independent of the various social groups and social categories to which they belong. Intergroup behavior: Consisting of interactions between two or more individuals that are determined entirely by their membership or membership in the various social groups and categories to which they belong, and not at all by the individuals involved. The influence of individual lines between. Meta-contrast principle: means that in a group, if the similarity between group members in a specific dimension is weaker than the difference, the group will differentiate into two groups along this dimension, and intergroup relations will therefore emerge from the group process.

Self-deprivation: When people perceive that their actual situation is worse than their expected situation, they begin to become dissatisfied and rebellious. In other words, the gap between gains and expectations, or “relative deprivation,” is the driving force behind collective violence. The wider the gap, the more likely unrest is. Collective deprivation: dissatisfaction when the actual situation of the in-group is worse than expected. The impact of group deprivation is greater than that of self-deprivation, and double deprivation has the greatest impact Intergroup conflict: A sense of competition displayed by someone when aware of the presence of other groups Consequences of intergroup competition: In-group preference and out-group hostility. Detachment reduces conflict, cooperation reduces aggression

The core of social identity theory: Based on the interpersonal-group behavior continuum and the simplest group paradigm, it examines intergroup prejudice and discrimination through social classification formed by the simplest design and operation Social identity: It is an actor’s positive cognitive evaluation/emotion of his/her group qualifications or category qualifications It has three levels of connotation: (1) In the established social classification system, actors are loaded with multiple group qualifications due to the individual evolution of their life course, so actors will construct multiple social identities. (2) Multiple group qualifications and corresponding multiple social identities have different weights and values ​​in different social contexts (3) Actors are simultaneously loaded with multiple group qualifications and multiple identities in any specific context, but which group qualifications will be activated and highlighted to guide and regulate actual social behavior Social categorization: In the process of social cognition, the amount of information is huge and cognitive resources are limited. Cognizants use social category processing strategies to simplify the cognitive process to understand others efficiently. Category processing of objects based on social category clues such as age, race, gender, occupation, etc. Social Comparison: Comparing one's own group with other groups in many aspects Identity construction: subjectively identifying with the relevant in-group and having a positive cognitive evaluation/emotional experience/value commitment to its group qualifications. Identity deconstruction: It means that the actor no longer identifies with a certain group qualification. He seeks to give up or break away from this group qualification, and is committed to pursuing a new group qualification, that is, identity reconstruction. Identity deconstruction and identity reconstruction have three action strategies. 1. Individual mobility: Individuals will try to leave or break away from the group they previously belonged to, and have a higher chance of upward mobility. 2. Social creativity: By redefining or changing factors in the comparison situation, group members can seek positive specificity for the in-group 3. Social competition: Group members may seek positive specificity through direct competition with out-groups.

The bias map model integrates stereotypes (intergroup cognition), prejudice (intergroup emotions) and discrimination (intergroup behavior). Fiske's team constructed a two-dimensional model of "talent" and "enthusiasm", namely the stereotype content model. It has four basic assumptions: (1) Intergroup cognition or stereotypes can be analyzed into two dimensions: "talent" and "enthusiasm". Various groups determine their status perceptions based on these two dimensions. (2) Most group stereotypes are mixed or contradictory, that is, the two dimensions of talent and enthusiasm are complementary (one high and one low). Groups with strong abilities are stereotyped as not being enthusiastic enough, or On the contrary; only a few groups are rated higher or lower (double high or double low) on both dimensions. (3) Social structural variables (including social status and competitiveness) can predict talent and enthusiasm. There is a positive correlation between status and ability, and groups with high status are generally considered to be more capable; there is a negative correlation between competitiveness and enthusiasm, and those who compete with their own group are considered to lack enthusiasm. 4) There are ingroup preferences and role model group preferences in stereotypes. They are called pure stereotypes, that is, they are given higher evaluations in both dimensions. They are in contrast to the previous contradictory stereotypes. The deviance map identifies four types of intergroup emotional experiences: respect, contempt, jealousy, and sympathy, which respectively correspond to the four types of groups formed by the dual dimensions of stereotypes. (1) Respect. For those groups who are considered to have both ability and political integrity (double high) (2) Contempt. For those groups who are immoral and incompetent (i.e., double-low groups) (3) Jealousy. For those groups who are considered capable but not highly virtuous (high talent, low warmth) (4) Sympathy. For those groups with good virtues but no ability (low talent and high warmth) Fear: The starting point of fear management theory is the inescapable ontological dilemma of death. Its core is the proposition of self-esteem and the proposition of the significance of death. Deindividuation: Loss of individuality: due to identification with the group or self-identification with the group, the individual loses control over himself and loses his sense of individuality and consistency with the group Reasons for depersonalization: Anonymity: The more anonymous a group member is, the less responsible they feel Diffusion of responsibility: The individual’s self-awareness function declines in the group Anomie: the disappearance of social norms

Group behavior: generated by interaction, also called aggregation behavior, collective behavior is a group behavior that is spontaneous, unorganized, and not subject to normal social norms. Characteristics: (1) Spontaneity and disorganization (2) Emotional (3) Blind obedience (4) Deviance (5) Transient and transitional Influencing factors: (1) Environment (2) Anomie, which refers to the temporary lack of rules (3) Relative deprivation, using others as a reference to find oneself inferior, prone to relative deprivation (4) Social control Theory of swarm behavior: (1) Theory of infection When an individual is in a group, he or she perceives, thinks, and acts in a completely different way than when he or she is alone. An infection is when a pattern of impulsive behavior spreads like a plague among a population The "cyclic reaction theory" founded by Kurt Long, Gladys Long and others believes that cluster behavior is the result of emotional cyclic reactions and mutual infection between people. This is a process in which the emotions of others cause the same emotions in oneself, which in turn intensifies the emotions of others. It is divided into the following stages: (1) A group of people gather together and they can interact directly, but they cannot identify each other's social status and roles; (2) This group of people receive certain psychological stimulation and are emotionally infected with each other , so that the emotions of all participants reach a common fixed point; (3) Individuals feel that they are overwhelmed by the group and become people with unknown roles and identities, thus producing the effect of eliminating social binding forces. At this time, normal social behavior Norms and guidelines cannot have any effect on their behavior; (4) High emotions eventually burst out, leading to cluster behavior. (2) Emergent norm theory In ambiguous situations, they are aware of the emergence of norms that guide their actions. When the actions taken by individuals are noticed by others, they will become temporary norms in emergency or unexpected situations, that is, emergency norms (people need a sense of control) (3) Value accumulation theory Understand cluster behavior as "added value" at every stage of development, and cluster behavior is the final product of this process. The process of value accumulation has the following links: (1) Structural encouragement (2) Structural pressure (3) The formation of general beliefs or the generation of common emotions (4) Predisposing factors (5) Action mobilization (6) Social control mechanism (4) Rational choice theory Cluster behavior is the result of a rational choice of individuals in a cluster state (5) Imitation theory The theory of imitation is more suitable for explaining relatively dispersed mass behavior. Tad believes that imitation is not only an innate tendency of people, but also a basic law of social development and social existence.

Crowd: refers to a group of people who gather together temporarily due to some common center of attention or common interests, can interact face to face, and are often irrational. Four types of gangsters (1) Coincidental gangs are a form of gangs with a loose structure. (2) Conventional group withdrawal refers to groups of people gathered together through intentional planning (3) Expressive groups refer to groups of people who can provide opportunities for emotional expression and emotional venting (4) Action groups refer to groups of people who are taking action For example, riots and riots are two basic forms of mass action and are also the most typical forms of mass behavior. Crowd behavior in a narrow sense mainly refers to these two forms. Riot: refers to an open violent activity in a state of crowd gathering. Although the riot has a certain degree of organization and temporary leaders, its entire action is still temporary and unstable, with a scattered direction and lack of purpose. is its outstanding feature Riots: violent and destructive collective actions that lack structure, purpose, and unity. Mass incident: It is a social incident consisting of a certain number of people gathering to achieve a certain purpose. Types and characteristics of mass incidents (1) Rights protection behavior. Rights protection behavior is the main type of current mass incidents (2) Incidents of social venting of anger. Its main characteristics are: first, it is mainly caused by accidental factors and is extremely sudden. It escalates from an accident to a conflict of a certain scale in a very short period of time; second, it is mainly for the venting of emotions; third, in the event During the occurrence and development process, the dissemination of various false information (3) Social unrest. An important indicator that distinguishes venting anger from riots is whether the target of the attack is relevant. Cause: Relative deprivation caused by inequality

Fashion: refers to the following or pursuit of various models or specimens such as certain tastes, language, thoughts and behaviors by a large number of people in society during a certain period of time. Characteristics: novelty, luxury, conformity Panic: is another type of cluster behavior that occurs among dispersed masses. It is an uncooperative and irrational psychological and behavioral response of the public in a state of crisis in the face of real or imagined threats. Characteristics: Uncooperativeness and irrationality Gossip and rumor: They are both inaccurate or unfounded information about people and things spread among the public. In terms of nature, the former is often spread unintentionally, while the latter is intentionally created. Production and dissemination: First, social emergencies can easily trigger rumors and rumors Second, when people face such danger or threat pressure, rumors and rumors will spread like wildfire. Third, normal information channels are not smooth or people seriously distrust information from formal channels. Variables: "Importance" and "ambiguity" are two important variables closely related to the spread of rumors Internal relationship tendencies: smoothing, sharpening (emphasis on), assimilation

Social movement: It is a conflict-oriented collective action with a certain degree of continuity and organization that is carried out mainly through non-institutional means in order to pursue or resist a specific social change. Social movements have the following four important characteristics: First, social movements all have new perspectives that are different from the past. Second, social movements are always accompanied by certain beliefs or ideologies, which can inspire the spirit of movement participants Third, participants in social movements generally have a strong tendency to believe in activism Fourth, social movements often do not have a central controlling organization; Social movement classification (1)Reform Movement (2)Revolutionary movement (3)Resistance movement (4)Ideographic movement The complete development process of social movements (1)Preparation stage (2) Popularization stage (3)Formal organizational stage (4)Institutionalization stage Social movement life cycle: (1)Agitation stage (2) Assimilation and orthodoxy stage (3) Bureaucratization and retrogression stage (4) The resurgence of social movements Core of social movements: The sense of relative deprivation is the decisive factor in the emergence of social movements. The greater the sense of relative deprivation, the more likely people are to resist and the more destructive they will be. This process should be promoted and called the "frustration-resistance mechanism"