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developmental psychology
This is a mind map about developmental psychology. Research on developmental psychology helps us better understand the psychological development of different age groups, such as infancy, early childhood, primary school children, etc.
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developmental psychology
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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developmental psychology
psychological theory
psychoanalytic school
Freud
Personality theory and personality development perspective
iceberg theory
personality structure
stages of psychological development
Oral stage (0-1 years old)
Sucking instinct produces pleasure
Anal stage (1-3 years old)
Sexual interest is concentrated in the anal area
Genital stage (3-6 years old)
critical period for gender role acquisition
Incubation period (6-11 years old)
relatively calm
Adolescence (11-13 years old)
Get rid of the control of your parents
Erikson
Theoretical basis
biological factors
social culture
self
Interaction (mutual influence)
eight stage theory
infancy
Develop trust, overcome distrust, and experience the realization of hope
early childhood
Gain a sense of autonomy, overcome shame and doubt, and experience the realization of will
preschool or play period
Gain a sense of initiative, overcome guilt, and experience the realization of purpose
school age
Gain a sense of diligence, overcome feelings of inferiority, and experience the realization of abilities
adolescence
Establish a sense of self-identity, prevent identity confusion, and experience faithful realization
early adulthood
Gain intimacy, avoid loneliness, and experience the realization of love
middle adulthood
Gain a sense of reproduction, avoid stagnation, and experience the realization of care
Old age (late adulthood)
Gain a sense of perfection, avoid disappointment and boredom, and experience the realization of wisdom
self conscious
content
Biological self (getting fat, losing weight)
Psychological self (strong, sensitive, etc.)
Social self (identity, role, etc.)
structure
self-awareness
Self-experience (emotion)
Self-regulation/control (behavior)
Behaviorism
Watson
environmental determinism
Denies the role of genetics
Exaggerate the role of environment and education
Research on children's emotional development
Skinner
reinforcement control theory of behavior
Emphasis on the principles of shaping, strengthening and fading, and timely strengthening
Practical control of children's behavior
bandura
social learning
"Inflatable doll" experiment
Aggression
gendered
self-reinforcement
prosocial behavior
Leading by example (personality), identity
contribute
Clinical and practical application of behavior change
Created many classic experiments, using animals as subjects instead of using humans as subjects
limitations
An oversimplified description of human psychological development
Ignoring genetic factors, natural conditions and the positive role of people themselves
Constructivism
Vygotsky
Two Tool Views
material production tools
Communion between man and nature
spiritual production tool
human language and symbols
two psychological functions
Low-level production tools
Common to humans and animals
Advanced production tools
Human’s own psychological consciousness
The essence of development
Under the influence of environment and education, the process of gradual transformation from low-level psychological functions to high-level psychological functions
The formation of personality is a sign of the formation of advanced psychological functions
zone of proximal development
The gap between the actual level of development and the potential level of development
Piaget
The essence and reasons for development
The essence of the subject's action is adaptation to the object (adaptation is the real cause of psychological development)
The essence of adaptation is to achieve a balance between the body and the environment
assimilation
Incorporate environmental factors into existing diagrams or structures to enhance and enrich body movements
adapt
Change the subject's actions to adapt to changes in the object
factors and structures of development
1. Maturity (physiological basis) 2. Physical factors 3. Social environment 4. Balance
Cognitive Structure: Diagram
cognitive function
organize
adapt
Assimilation (amount)
adapt (quality)
stage of development
Sensory-motor stage (0-2 years old) Object permanence
Preoperational stage (2-7 years old) Representational thinking (egocentric) (animism)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years old) Conservation
Situational Operational Stage (12-15 years old) Abstract
Chinese psychology
Zhu Zhixian's view of psychological development
ecological systems theory
microsystem
at the innermost level of the environment
The environment with which an individual is directly exposed and the pattern of environmental interactions
intermediate system
Links between the various microenvironments that promote child development
outer system
The social environment in which children live
Such as: community, medical insurance, parents’ occupation and workplace, relatives and friends, etc.
Macrosystem
It prescribes how children should be treated, what they should be taught and what they should strive for
fetal period
Sternberg proposed
Germ stage (0-2 weeks)
Embryonic period (2-8 weeks)--critical stage
Development characteristics: From head to toe, from the inside to the outside, the head, blood vessels and heart develop earlier than the arms, hands and feet
If harmful substances enter the embryo at this time, irreversible damage will occur.
Fetal period (8-40 weeks)
The formation of fetal psychological functions
Vision: formed in the 7th week - the fetus is very sensitive to light at 4 months old
Hearing: The auditory system has been established by 4 months of pregnancy, and hearing development is better after 28 weeks.
Touch and pressure sensation: skin sensation at 2 months of pregnancy - tactile sensation at 4-5 months is equivalent to that of a one-year-old child after birth
Sense of smell: olfactory development in 6 months of pregnancy
Taste: Taste is developed at 30 weeks of pregnancy
Factors affecting fetal development
mood
The impact of mental stress on the fetus
Pregnant women are overly stressed, etc.
husband and wife relationship
Research on the posthumous child
How maternal emotions affect the fetus
Metabolism
Changes in the intrauterine environment
envirnmental factor
Physical factors: ionizing radiation, noise, ultrasonic waves, etc.
Chemical factors: benzene, lead, tobacco and alcohol, CO, drugs, hormones, etc.
Biological factors: viruses, bacteria, etc.
Geographical factors: hypoxia, low pressure, etc.
maternal factors
Nutrition: Insufficient nutrition in the first 6 months can lead to growth restriction, stunting, stillbirth and even miscarriage.
other factors
Childbearing age
maternal weight
pregnancy history
infancy
baby brain development
EEG
cortical center
Head-to-tail principle and near-far principle
Fastest growing: brainstem
Lateralization of the brain
The process by which one hemisphere of the brain establishes specific functions
There is a tendency of lateralization in the neonatal stage and gradually matures
Acquired environment affects brain development early
plasticity
restorative
Infant sensory development
Vision
Occurs: in the second and third trimester of the fetus (fetus 4-5 months old)
Stereoscopic vision: babies around 6 months old are similar to adults
hearing
Occurrence: 5-6 month old fetus has established auditory system
When babies are first born, their hearing is developed at a higher level than their vision.
Taste
Newborns’ sense of taste is the most developed and gradually declines
Preference for sweets
development of attention
occur
Babies are born with attention (innate orienting reflex)
develop
Visual preference method: studying the development of attention
development of speech
Speech process: mainly includes three aspects: speech perception, speech understanding and speech expression
internal and external mechanisms of development
Reinforcement Theory (Acquisition Theory)
Transformational theory: the innate theory proposed by Chomsky. This transformation is realized by the innate language acquisition device (LAD).
preverbal development
Speech perception (0-1 years old) Preparatory stage of language development
Word sentence stage (1-1.5 years old)
Babies use one word to represent a sentence
Multi-word sentence stage (1.5-3 years old)
Purpose
referentiality
Conventionality
occurrence of speech
first words
Closely related to life and highly adaptable to occasions
Acquisition and use of words
Remove situational limitations
development of speech
verbal explosion period
18-24 months
acquisition of grammar
20-30 months is a critical period for babies to basically master grammar.
At the age of 3, babies have basically mastered the grammatical rule system of their native language
temperament
born with
The traditional four types theory
Sanguine
choleric
Phlegm
Depression
three types theory
thomas and chase
Easy type (40%)
Easily adapt to new environments and accept new things and unfamiliar people
Difficult (10%)
Cries and makes noises every day, is irritable and irritable, lacks regularity in eating and sleeping, and is slow to accept new environments and new things.
Slow type (15%)
Behavioral reactions are weak and their emotions are always negative or even unpleasant. They avoid new things and new stimuli and are slow to adapt.
The significance of temperament to early childhood education and development
Effective prediction: cognitive development, emotional control, behavioral regulation
Goodness-of-fit model: involves creating an infant-rearing environment in which each child's temperament type is identified while encouraging them to exhibit more appropriate behaviors
Fitting deterioration model: Parental parenting styles are inconsistent with children’s temperament, which promotes children’s resistance and conflict-filled personality.
mood
occurrence of emotions
Congenital: Emotional reactions are present at birth and are directly related to whether the child's physiological needs are met.
social smile
stranger anxiety
separation and anxiety
attachment
Concept: The initial social connection between the infant and the primary caregiver is also an important sign of emotional socialization
Developmental Stages of Infant Attachment (Bowlby)
The first stage: undifferentiated social response stage (birth to 3 months)
The second stage: differentiated social response stage (3-6 months)
The third stage: special emotional connection stage (6 months to 2 years old)
Stage 4: Partnership stage of goal adjustment (after 2 years old)
Types of infant attachment
Ainsworth: Strange Situation Method
Secure attachment (about 65%-70%)
Avoidant attachment (about 20%)
Defiant attachment (about 10%-15%)
Attachment has certain plasticity
Factors influencing infant attachment
Is there any chance of attachment - is it deprived of maternal love?
Parenting quality--sensitivity and responsiveness
The baby’s own physical health, temperament, etc.
Differences in cultural background
Early peer interactions
Object-focused stage (6 to 8 months)
One-way communication, more focused on toys or objects
Simple communication stage (about one year old)
Get the attention of peers and establish connections
Complementary communication stage (around 1.5 years old)
Early childhood
development of nervous system
Increased brain weight
Increased frontal lobe area
EEG development acceleration period
The first time: 5 to 6 years old, alpha wave and theta wave struggle, alpha wave gradually surpasses theta wave
The second time, when 13 to 14 years old (adolescence), theta waves are basically replaced by alpha waves.
The development of cortical inhibition mechanism is one of the important signs of the development of cerebral cortex function.
Both the excitatory and inhibitory functions are constantly increasing, but in comparison, the inhibitory function is still weak.
toddler games
game theory
Psychoanalytic Theory (Compensation Theory)
Freud proposed
play therapy
sand table
cognitive dynamics
Piaget proposed
Game type
Activity play (Piaget based on children’s cognition)
Practice play: simple repetitive movements, decreases with age
Symbolic play: 3 to 5 years old is the peak period: scene transfer, object substitution, role play
Games with rules: tug-of-war, chess and cards, hopscotch, chair grab
The role of games
1. Enhance physical fitness and develop movements
2. The means of understanding the world can promote the development of children's intelligence, which is reflected in cognition, perception, memory, thinking, language, etc.
3. Contribute to the development of children’s personality and sociality
Enlightenment: Give children time to play, provide good activity venues, provide appropriate toys, and scientific guidance
speech
vocabulary development
Early childhood is the period during which vocabulary increases most rapidly in life.
Active vocabulary: refers to words that children can both understand and use correctly
Negative words: refers to words that children cannot understand or have some understanding but cannot use correctly.
The development of grammar
Development from dialogue speech to monologue speech
Development from situational speech to coherent language
cognition
development of memory
Increased memory capacity
Unconscious memory is dominant (easy to remember things that are interesting, vivid and strong)
Image memory is dominant and the effect is better than verbal memory
General characteristics of young children’s memory
Mainly involuntary image memory
Mainly mechanical memory
Easy to remember and easy to forget
Poor memory accuracy
development of thinking
Characteristics of young children’s thinking
concrete imageability
Relying on the specific image or appearance of things
Possibility of making preliminary abstract generalizations
Piaget's research on young children's thinking
Main characteristics of thinking
relative concreteness
irreversibility
egocentricity
Three Mountains Experiment
Stereotype
Conservation point of view, class contains
initial concept
Lin Chongde
Oral counting
Count things
Get items by number
Master number concepts
formation of personality
development of self-awareness
grow with age
Self-evaluation:
specific
Recognize your own uniqueness
Specific skills, but exaggerated
Poor self-evaluation ability, adults play an important role in children's evaluation
The development of self-emotional experience
The bud of self-esteem (feeling of shame) develops around the age of 3
The abilities of children in the self-esteem group are related to their understanding of their own abilities, as well as their parents’ parenting styles.
Self-esteem = success/ambition
Development of self-control
4 to 5 years old is a critical age for the development of self-control. Children's cortical excitatory mechanisms have a great advantage, so children are more impulsive and have low self-control ability.
development of moral cognition
Morality
moral cognition
moral sentiment
moral behavior
Piaget (Dual Story Method)
Pre-moral stage (before 5 to 6 years old)
No moral concept, only focus on results
Heteronomous moral stage (5~10 years old)
Believe in the absoluteness of rules, unilateral obedience to authority, and otherness and situationality
Self-discipline and moral stage (over 10 years old)
Rules are made by people and can be changed
aggressive behavior
Features
Victim perceives negative behavior as unfriendly
The attacker intends to cause physical or psychological harm
Classification
instrumental aggression
hostile assault
Control Method
Eliminate rewards and attention for aggressive behavior
Role modeling and cognitive training strategies
Empathy training
Create an environment that reduces conflict
prosocial behavior
Gradually increases in early childhood, and increases significantly between 6 and 12 years old.
bystander effect
training method
role play training
behavioral reinforcement training
role model
Gender role identity and sexualization
gender identity
gender role standards
gender role identity
gender role preference
elementary school children
subtopic