MindMap Gallery Linguistics Chapter 3
Hu Zhuanglin Linguistics Tutorial Fifth Edition Chapter 3 Words and Morphology, Morpheme is the basic component of word formation
Edited at 2023-10-28 15:43:03Microbiologie médicale, infections bactériennes et immunité résume et organise les points de connaissances pour aider les apprenants à comprendre et à se souvenir. Étudiez plus efficacement !
Medical Microbiology Bacterial Infection and Immunity summarizes and organizes knowledge points to help learners understand and remember. Study more efficiently!
The kinetic theory of gases reveals the microscopic nature of macroscopic thermal phenomena and laws of gases by finding the relationship between macroscopic quantities and microscopic quantities. From the perspective of molecular motion, statistical methods are used to study the macroscopic properties and change patterns of thermal motion of gas molecules.
Microbiologie médicale, infections bactériennes et immunité résume et organise les points de connaissances pour aider les apprenants à comprendre et à se souvenir. Étudiez plus efficacement !
Medical Microbiology Bacterial Infection and Immunity summarizes and organizes knowledge points to help learners understand and remember. Study more efficiently!
The kinetic theory of gases reveals the microscopic nature of macroscopic thermal phenomena and laws of gases by finding the relationship between macroscopic quantities and microscopic quantities. From the perspective of molecular motion, statistical methods are used to study the macroscopic properties and change patterns of thermal motion of gas molecules.
Chapter 3 Words and Morphology
The Nature of Words
Word
word can stand alone
a word can stand alone in the sense of phonology as a word represents a phonological domain within which pauses will not fall
a word can stand on its own in terms of its structure, a word cannot be divided by inserting an extra word in it
a word can stand alone in terms of its grammatical performance, a word is the minimal occupant of the category slot within our utterances
the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own
complex word
a word that contains more than one morpheme
simple word
a word that contains only one morpheme
Function words/Closed class words
the number of function words is small and stable, they are not conveying concrete content but fulfilling a grammatical function
complementiser
demonstrative
auxiliary verb
conjunction
preposition
pronoun
article
Morpheme
is the basic component of word formation
the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning of function
Lexeme
a family of words that differ only in their grammatical endings for number, case, tense, participle form, etc.
Content words/Open class words
express concrete meaning, signify the relationship between language and the world
adjective
adverb
noun
verb
phoneme
the smallest phonological unit that distinguishes meaning
Morphology
the study of word formation
Type of Morphemes
Word formation
affix
circumfix
exhibit the properties of both prefixes and suffixes
a bound morpheme that cannot serve as a root
able?
infix
are inserted between a morpheme
prefix
precedes other morphemes
suffix
follows other morphemes
root
when a word is formed, there is always a morpheme that serves as the root, which is the base of the word
stem
can be either an independent word, or a base to which an extra bound morpheme can be added
Allomorph
phonologically distinct variants of the same morpheme in the terms of meaning or grammatical function
unpredictable/irregular allomorphs
e.g., go, went, gone
predictable/regular allomorphs
e.g., a, an, in-, im-
Bound morpheme
must be attached to another one
Free morpheme
can be a word by itself
Morphological Processes
Inflection
never changes the category of the base lexeme
never changes the meaning of the base lexeme
more productive than deprivational ones
grammatical function
stem suffix
Morphological rules
the rules according which morpheme are put together to get lexemes or words
Compounding
coordinative compounds
the two lexemes are equal
e.g., teacher-student
subordinative compounds
one of the sub-components is understood to be the argument of the other
e.g., truck-driver
attributive compounds
one lexeme modifying the other
e.g.,windmill
stem stem
Derivation
in English:(prefix(es))root(suffix(es))
e.g., unsystematically
stem(root/root affix) affix
lexeme function
Acronyms
formed by the first letters of the words
e.g., world trade organization→ WTO
Coinage
the introduction of completely new words
Clipping
shortening of longer word
e.g., demonstration→demo
Blending
part of lexeme1 part of lexeme2
e.g., smog(smoke fog)
Backformation
stem-affix
e.g.burglar→burgle