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prokaryotic microorganisms
Prokaryotic microorganisms summarizes the knowledge of bacteria (bacterium), archaea (archaea), actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, etc.
Edited at 2023-10-24 21:43:35- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
prokaryotic microorganisms
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
prokaryotic microorganisms
Bacteria
Bacterial morphology and observation
basic form of bacteria
bacillus (plural bacilli)
There are "eight"-shaped, grid-shaped, chain-shaped and filament-shaped with fungal sheaths.
Bacillus, Streptobacterium, Bacillus, and Bacillus.
coccus (plural: cocci)
Monococci, diplococci, streptococci, tetrastreptococci, Sarcina and staphylococci.
Spirillum (plural: spirilla)
Those with a spiral length of less than 1 week are called vibrio.
Those that spiral for 1 or more weeks (6 weeks) and have a firm appearance are called spirillum.
Those with a spiral shape of more than 6 weeks and that are soft and easy to bend are called spirochaeta.
size of bacteria
The common unit for measuring the size of bacteria is: micron (μm), which means (1μm=10-3mm=10-6m).
observation of bacteria
Gram stain
Founded in 1884 by Danish doctor C.Gram.
Process: cell smear - primary staining - mordant staining - destaining - counterstaining - observation.
Bacteria that are stained blue-purple are called Gram-positive bacteria (G), and bacteria that are stained light red are called Gram-negative bacteria (G-).
bacterial cell structure
cell wall
functions of bacterial cell wall
Protection, maintenance, barrier, movement.
structure of bacterial cell wall
Have diversity.
chemical composition of bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan (also known as cytoplasmic wall, mucopeptide or mucopeptide complex)
long glycan chains
It is composed of two sugar derivatives, N-acetylglucosamine (G) and N-acetylmuramic acid (M), connected through β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
short peptide
Peptide bridge (interbridge)
The difference in the type of peptide bridge is the diversity of "peptidoglycan".
Teichhoic acid
It is an acidic polysaccharide bound to the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.
Physiological function
1. Assist peptidoglycan to strengthen cell walls. 2. Improve the ability of membrane-bound enzymes. 3. Store phosphorus. 4. Regulate the growth of cell walls. 5. Formation of surface antigens. 6. Constitute the receptor site for phage adsorption.
Lipopolyaccharide (LPS)
Gram staining mechanism of bacteria
Related to the composition and structure of cell walls.
cell wall defect type
protoplast
sphaeroplast
L-form cells
A bacterium with cell wall defects formed due to spontaneous mutation. Its cells are enlarged and very sensitive to osmotic pressure.
plasma membrane
The structure and composition of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
The general structure is a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of highly hydrophobic fatty acids, relatively hydrophilic glycerol, and extremely hydrophilic phosphoric acid.
Functions of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
1. Penetration barrier function. 2. Material transportation function. 3. Participate in the biosynthesis of membrane lipids, various components of cell walls, and sugar coats. 4. Participate in metabolic energy production. 5. Secrete various components. 6. Participate in DNA replication and separation of daughter cells. 7. Provide an insertion site for flagella.
endomembrane system
Intermediates, chromophores, and carboxysomes.
Cytoplasm and its contents
cytoplasm
The material within the cytoplasmic membrane and outside the nuclear area is collectively called cytoplasm, which is the site of cell metabolism.
ribosome
Bacterial ribosomes are 70S ribosomes, which are composed of two subunits, 30S and 50S.
storage granules
Polybeta-hydroxybutyrate, metachromatin, polysaccharide (starch or glycogen), elemental sulfur particles, magnetosomes, bubbles.
Nuclear region and plasmid
bacterial chromosomal DNA
A very long double chain with a closed loop structure.
supercoil
Repeated folding creates a highly entangled, dense structure.
Found in bacteria that are only a few million times longer than DNA.
Intrahistones: Stabilize and constrain bacterial chromosomes.
The organization of bacterial chromosomes
Plasmid
In addition to chromosomal DNA in prokaryotic cells, many cells also contain one or more self-replicating circular DNA molecules.
Carriers of genes that determine certain genetic properties of the bacterium.
flagellum
Long, filamentous protein appendages that grow on the surface of some bacteria.
structure
Flagella are spiral-shaped, and when they are flattened, the length between two adjacent bends of each bacterial flagellum is constant, which is called the flagellar wavelength.
Flagellar filament, flagellar hook, basal body.
sports
Bacterial flagella mainly promote bacterial movement through rotation.
The rotational motion is initiated by the base body.
The energy required for rotation comes from the kinetic force of protons on the cell membrane.
grow
Not from the base, but from the tip.
pili
It is composed of pilin subunits arranged in a helix.
Function
1. Promote the adhesion of bacteria to the intestinal epithelial cells and urogenital tract of the host to colonize and cause disease.
2. Promote certain bacteria to intertwine and form a bacterial film on the surface of the liquid.
3. Fimbriae antigen.
sex pili
The structure is very similar to that of pili.
Glycote (a moisture-rich polysaccharide adhesive outer layer of variable thickness secreted on the cell wall)
type
capsule or large capsule
It is thicker, has an obvious outer edge and a certain shape, and is tightly combined with the outside of the cell wall.
microcapsule
Thinner.
mucus layer
The amount is large and the binding to the cell surface is relatively loose.
Composition and function
composition
Rich in water and mostly composed of polysaccharides.
Function
Protection, pathogenicity, and storage of nutrients.
Spores, paraspore crystals and others
spores
1. Not the way bacteria reproduce. 2. It is a Gram-positive bacillus. 3. Low metabolic activity.
form
Various forms.
structure
exosporium
It is a protective layer composed of proteins, lipids and sugars.
spore coat
Mainly protein, mostly keratin. It is very dense, has poor permeability, and is resistant to the penetration of enzymes and chemicals.
Cortex
Very thick and composed mainly of spore peptidoglycan.
Spore core
It is composed of spore wall, spore membrane, sporoplasm and spore core area, containing ribosomes and DNA, and has extremely low water content.
heat resistance mechanism
The spore coat has poor permeability to polyvalent cations and water, and the high ionic strength of the spore cortex gives it an extremely high osmotic pressure. As a result, the spore protoplasm is highly dehydrated and shrinks into a state with extremely low water content.
form
Spore-forming bacteria usually form spores when necessary nutrients are depleted and growth ceases.
germination
Activation, budding, growth.
Parasporal crystals
The production of spores is generally accompanied by toxicity.
Structure of other dormant states of bacteria
Bacterial reproduction methods and colony morphology
reproduction of bacteria
Generally, asexual reproduction is carried out, and transverse cell division is called fission.
bacterial colonies
colony
On solid culture media, a large number of cells are produced with the mother cell as the center and gather together to form a daughter cell group with a certain morphological structure that is visible to the naked eye.
clone
A colony of pure cells that develops from one cell.
Lawn
There are many colonies on the surface of the solid medium.
bacterial biofilm
Other prokaryotic microorganisms
Rickettsia
It was first discovered by American doctor H.T. Ricketts in 1909.
It is a type of prokaryote that is between bacteria and viruses and close to bacteria.
Features
Cells are spherical, rod-shaped or filament-shaped, and some are pleomorphic.
There is a cell wall and a Gram-negative reaction.
All are specialized parasites in eukaryotic cells.
Mycoplasma
They are a group of prokaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and are the smallest prokaryotic microorganisms that can grow and reproduce independently.
Features
1. The individuals are tiny, with a diameter of only 0.1-0.3μm, generally about 0.25μm.
2. No cell wall, highly pleomorphic and mutated in shape; negative on Gram stain, and insensitive to antibiotics such as penicillin.
3. The plasma membrane contains components such as sterols or lipopolysaccharides that stabilize it, so it is relatively hard.
4. The colonies are "poached egg-shaped".
5. Generally reproduce by binary fission, sometimes by budding.
6. The requirements for in vitro culture are demanding.
Chlamydia
It is a type of pathogenic prokaryotic microorganisms that can pass through bacterial filters, lose metabolic activity, and parasitize obligate living cells.
It is the simplest living ability among known cellular microorganisms.
spirochetes
It is a slender, soft, spirally curved and active single-celled prokaryotic organism.
archaea
Overview of Archaea
It is a type of prokaryotic microorganisms that are very special in cell structure, physiology, genetics and ecology.
Archaeal morphology
Cell diameter ranges from 0.1-15μm. There are spheres, rods, spirals, leaves or squares, and even other irregular shapes.
archaeal cell wall
Except for pyrosomes, which do not have cell walls, all others have cell walls with similar functions.
Archaeal flagellum
The base of the archaeal flagellum is also attached to the cell membrane and uses the proton gradient potential energy across the membrane to drive the flagellar filament to rotate.
reproduction of archaea
Reproduce asexually by binary fission or multiple fission, fragmentation or budding.
Characteristic comparison of Archaea with Bacteria and Eukaryotes
Several common types of archaea
methanogen
thermophile
halophilic microorganism
acidophile
alkalinophilic microoganism
actinomycetes
A type of highly terrestrial prokaryotes with branched filaments and ectospore reproduction or fragmentation reproduction.
The morphology of actinomycetes
Vegetative hyphae
Also called intrabasal hyphae. Main function: absorb nutrients and excrete metabolites.
aerial hyphae
The hyphae that grow out of the culture medium and extend into the space from the basal hyphae are also called secondary hyphae. Aerial mycelium is generally darker in color.
spore hypha
When the aerial hyphae develop to a certain extent, the hyphae that can form spores are differentiated from the top, which are called spore threads, also known as reproductive hyphae.
Cell structure of actinomycetes
cell wall
The main component is peptidoglycan. With a few exceptions, the Gram stain results of actinomycetes are generally positive.
cell membrane
A membrane structure close to the cell wall containing cytoplasm and nucleoid.
The most important function: selective transportation of nutrients and discharge of metabolic waste.
Cytoplasm and contents
cytoplasm
It is a translucent gel composed mainly of proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, inorganic salts and a large amount of water.
inclusions
The granular inclusions are ribosomes, as well as polyphosphates, lipids and polysaccharides.
nuclear zone
Pseudo-core
Propagation of actinomycetes
Reproduction occurs through the act of asexual spores, or by fragments of mycelial fragments. Some of the aerial hyphae form sporofilaments, which mature and differentiate into many spores, called conidia.
production of conidia
Condensate divides to form condensate spores.
The septa divide to form septa spores.
Actinomycete colonies
cyanobacteria
Once called blue algae or blue-green algae, they are a large group of ancient prokaryotes that are widely distributed and produce oxygen photosynthesis in most cases.
The morphology and structure of cyanobacteria
form
Spherical or rod-shaped, solitary or aggregated.
Contains chlorophyll a and auxiliary pigments such as phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and phycoerythrin.
There are several specialized structures, the more important ones being heterospores, resting spores and endospores.
Propagation of cyanobacteria
Reproduce asexually. Single-celled species undergo binary or multiple fission.
The value and significance of cyanobacteria
1. Part of it can perform nitrogen fixation.
2. Can be developed into spiral products, such as spiral cyanobacteria.
3. Promote the evolution and development of aerobic organisms.