There are "eight"-shaped, grid-shaped, chain-shaped and filament-shaped with fungal sheaths.

Bacillus, Streptobacterium, Bacillus, and Bacillus.

Monococci, diplococci, streptococci, tetrastreptococci, Sarcina and staphylococci.

Those with a spiral length of less than 1 week are called vibrio.

Those that spiral for 1 or more weeks (6 weeks) and have a firm appearance are called spirillum.

Those with a spiral shape of more than 6 weeks and that are soft and easy to bend are called spirochaeta.

Founded in 1884 by Danish doctor C.Gram.

Process: cell smear - primary staining - mordant staining - destaining - counterstaining - observation.

Bacteria that are stained blue-purple are called Gram-positive bacteria (G), and bacteria that are stained light red are called Gram-negative bacteria (G-).

Protection, maintenance, barrier, movement.

Have diversity.

Peptidoglycan (also known as cytoplasmic wall, mucopeptide or mucopeptide complex)

Teichhoic acid

Lipopolyaccharide (LPS)

Related to the composition and structure of cell walls.

protoplast

sphaeroplast

L-form cells

The general structure is a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of highly hydrophobic fatty acids, relatively hydrophilic glycerol, and extremely hydrophilic phosphoric acid.

1. Penetration barrier function. 2. Material transportation function. 3. Participate in the biosynthesis of membrane lipids, various components of cell walls, and sugar coats. 4. Participate in metabolic energy production. 5. Secrete various components. 6. Participate in DNA replication and separation of daughter cells. 7. Provide an insertion site for flagella.

The material within the cytoplasmic membrane and outside the nuclear area is collectively called cytoplasm, which is the site of cell metabolism.

Bacterial ribosomes are 70S ribosomes, which are composed of two subunits, 30S and 50S.

Polybeta-hydroxybutyrate, metachromatin, polysaccharide (starch or glycogen), elemental sulfur particles, magnetosomes, bubbles.

A very long double chain with a closed loop structure.

supercoil

Intrahistones: Stabilize and constrain bacterial chromosomes.

In addition to chromosomal DNA in prokaryotic cells, many cells also contain one or more self-replicating circular DNA molecules.

Carriers of genes that determine certain genetic properties of the bacterium.

Flagella are spiral-shaped, and when they are flattened, the length between two adjacent bends of each bacterial flagellum is constant, which is called the flagellar wavelength.

Flagellar filament, flagellar hook, basal body.

Bacterial flagella mainly promote bacterial movement through rotation.

Not from the base, but from the tip.

1. Promote the adhesion of bacteria to the intestinal epithelial cells and urogenital tract of the host to colonize and cause disease.

2. Promote certain bacteria to intertwine and form a bacterial film on the surface of the liquid.

3. Fimbriae antigen.

capsule or large capsule

microcapsule

mucus layer

composition

Function

1. Not the way bacteria reproduce. 2. It is a Gram-positive bacillus. 3. Low metabolic activity.

form

structure

heat resistance mechanism

form

germination

The production of spores is generally accompanied by toxicity.

On solid culture media, a large number of cells are produced with the mother cell as the center and gather together to form a daughter cell group with a certain morphological structure that is visible to the naked eye.

A colony of pure cells that develops from one cell.

There are many colonies on the surface of the solid medium.

It is a translucent gel composed mainly of proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, inorganic salts and a large amount of water.

The granular inclusions are ribosomes, as well as polyphosphates, lipids and polysaccharides.